Oddział ten organizował od podstaw i kierował nim nieprzerwanie przez 23 lat, zawsze mając dobre relacje z położnikami, naturalnymi współpracownikami. Kierowany przez niego Oddział Noworodkowy uzyskał II stopień referencji, równoznaczny zwykle z oddziałem wojewódzkim. Doktor Pietek zabiegał o wyposażenie w nowoczesną aparaturę. Rozwinął działalność Selleck Adriamycin usługowo-leczniczą

i szkoleniową. Był kierownikiem specjalizacji kilku lekarzy z pediatrii i neonatologii. Całe swoje życie zawodowe związał z rozwijającym się ukochanym przez niego miastem – Nową Solą. Tu rozwijał nie tylko swoją profesjonalną działalność neonatologiczną, ale także społeczną. Aktywnie działał w Zielonogórskim Oddziale Polskiego Towarzystwa pediatrycznego. Był członkiem założycielem Koła PTP w Nowej Soli. Przez 10 lat był prezesem Powiatowego Koła PCK. Jego

aktywność społeczna wykraczała poza sferę ochrony zdrowia dziecka. W latach 1990–1994 był radnym Rady Miejskiej w Nowej Soli, gdzie przewodniczył Komisji Socjalnej. Mimo tylu zajęć znajdował jeszcze czas na działalność edukacyjno-zdrowotną w Towarzystwie Wiedzy Powszechnej, gdzie Alectinib in vitro z wykładami docierał do zaniedbanych terenów wiejskich. Przez wiele lat związany był także z ZHP. Na wielu obozach harcerskich prowadził szkolenia sanitarne oraz z zakresu pierwszej pomocy. Jego aktywność wykraczającą poza obowiązki zawodowe dostrzegli przełożeni i władze miasta, wyróżniając go już w latach 70. ubiegłego wieku Brązowym i Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi, Odznaką za Wzorową Pracę w Służbie Zdrowia oraz Odznaką za Zasługi w Rozwoju Województwa Zielonogórskiego. W uznaniu jego zasług dla rozwoju miasta Nowa Sól w 1990 roku Sucrase uhonorowano go tytułem „Zasłużonego dla Idei Samorządu Terytorialnego” oraz Nowosolską Nagrodą Kulturalną „ODRZANA”. Swą aktywną działalność zawodową zakończył w 2003 roku, przechodząc na emeryturę. Był wyróżniającym się lekarzem i społecznikiem w województwie

zielonogórskim, o szczególnych zasługach dla swojego miasta Nowa Sól. Wyróżniał się nie tylko szeroką wiedzą i postawą społecznika. Zawsze spokojny i wyważony w swoich decyzjach, rzeczowy w wydawaniu opinii, niezwykle dokładny, skromny i kulturalny, „gentleman” w każdym calu. Szczególnym uznaniem i autorytetem cieszył się wśród matek noworodków, które trafiały pod jego opiekę po porodzie. Przy jego wydatnej profesjonalnej pomocy pierwsze, często krytyczne dni życia rozpoczęło ponad 20 tysięcy najmłodszych obywateli miasta i powiatu nowosolskiego. Pasją doktora Pietka była piesza turystyka górska. Szczególnie ukochał przyrodę i krajobraz Bieszczad, które najczęściej zwiedzał wspólnie ze swoim przyjacielem dr. med. Albinem Sądowskim. Niestety, nie zwalczył ciężkiej rozwijającej się choroby nowotworowej. Dzielnie znosząc kolejne zabiegi operacyjne, do końca zachował hart ducha.

These patients report that they perform intended actions, even though they are paralysed and unable to move (Berti et al., 2005). This anosognosia was interpreted as showing that normal awareness of action is driven partly by both intentional signals, and by monitoring reafferent signals generated during actual movement. Dorsal premotor lesions appeared

to impair the integration of actual reafferent information, leaving the patient with an experience of agency that relied only on their intentions, without any feedback from the affected limb’s lack of movement. One might therefore interpret the dorsal ABT 199 premotor cortex as binding the sensory effects of action with the intentional action that caused them. This interpretation is also consistent with our data: stronger activation of this area was associated with stronger binding between action and effect. Moreover, our activation was found in the left hemisphere, in a task where participants responded with their right hand. Intentional

binding may depend on both predictive processes (e.g., motor command signals, Blakemore et al., 2002; Wolpert and Ghahramani, 2000) and on post-hoc reconstruction find more (Dennett and Kinsbourne, 1992; Wegner, 2002). The prediction account suggests that compression of perceived time occurs because neural preparation for action already triggers anticipation of the effects of action. In contrast, reconstructive accounts suggest that the mind infers and constructs a narrative

in order to explain bodily movements or their external Benzatropine consequences after the fact. Recent behavioural studies suggest that intentional binding includes both predictive and reconstructive components (Moore and Haggard, 2008). The current design does not allow us to formally separate the predictive and reconstructive components of sense of agency. We speculate that the computations within BA6 that underlie the sense of agency may recapitulate the medio-lateral gradient for the generation of action. Predictive contributions to sense of agency would rely on intentions and motor plans, and would be housed more medially, while reconstructive contributions to sense of agency would rely on integration of external sensory feedback, and would be housed more laterally. Therefore, the fact that our intentional binding cluster effectively straddles the intermediate zone between medial and lateral subdivisions may reflect the combination of both predictive and reconstructive processes. The two processes cannot be dissociated using interval estimation, but could be distinguished in future studies using estimates of action timing, and varying the probability that an action produces a tone. We found no evidence that the angular gyrus was associated with our implicit temporal measures of sense of agency.

Because of this, we also undertook analyses where models were compared at relevant clinical intervention threshold ( Fig. 1). Kanis et al. [23] also criticized comparison of “home selleck chemicals llc grown” models with the FRAX® tool using the population

from which the “home grown” model was derived. This is a relevant concern as the best model to fit a dataset will invariably be a model developed from that particular dataset even if the diagnostic performance may not at all translate to other populations. In our study, we compared the performance of FRAX® and other models to that of age alone. This is a simple epidemiological tabulation of fracture incidence as a function of age and does not constitute a bespoke model to fit the data. Furthermore, OST, ORAI, OSIRIS and SCORE are already well validated simpler tools derived from other cohorts [15], [18], [19] and [20]. Another limitation accurately identified by Kanis et al. [23] is the comparison between predicted and observed outcomes. Since we do not have 10 years of follow-up we look at the observed fractures and compared

it with the FRAX® probability of being in risk of fracture. Moreover, we took time-to-event into account by estimating the Harrell’s C which did not influence the results. Same results were seen in the GLOW study [36]; these results also showed that AUC values and Harrell’s C values were similar for major osteoporotic fractures. Finally, FRAX® adjusts for risk of death while the other tools do not. Our findings, selleck kinase inhibitor however, were robust to competing-risks regression with both incident fractures and death as failure as alternative to Kaplan–Meier analysis. In the analyses with each tool dividing participants into those with high versus low risk of fracture we chose to use the cut-off suggested by the developers from validation studies of tools in Caucasian populations. Different cut-offs have been also recommended even among Caucasian populations from studies validating the tools but there was no clear agreement regarding cut-off values for the different tools [41], [42], ADP ribosylation factor [43] and [44]. One study by Rud et al.

[41] investigated the performance of SCORE, OST and ORAI in a Danish population. The sensitivity of SCORE, OST and ORAI was 69%, 90% and 50%, respectively, when applied as described by the developers. The authors also tried different cut-offs with higher sensitivities, but since the study only included peri- and early postmenopausal women (mean age 50.5 years) and there are no other studies on Danish women confirming the suggested cut-off from Rud et al. [41] we found it most reasonable to use the cut-offs from the developer of the tools in this study. The aim of the different tools, i.e. FRAX® with OST, ORAI, OSIRIS or SCORE, differs. FRAX® predicts the probability of fractures while ORAI, OSIRIS, OST and SCORE are designed to predict low BMD.

Bohren ACW Changins, PO Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, SWITZERLAND Voice: 41-79-659-4704 E-mail: [email protected] Web: selleck antibody inhibitor http://tinyurl.com/24wnjxo Entomological

Society of America Annual Meeting 13–16 November Reno, NV, USA ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706-3115, USA Fax: 1-301-731-4538 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsoc.org 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, “The Role of Plant Pathology in a Globalized Economy” 25–31 August Beijing, CHINA 2012 3rd Global Conference on Plant Pathology for Food Security at the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology 10–13 Jan 2012 Udaipur, India Voice: 0294-2470980, +919928369280 E-mail: [email protected] SOUTHERN WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY (U.S.) ANNUAL MEETING 23–25 January Charleston, SC, USA SWSS, 205 W. Boutz, Bldg. 4, Ste. 5, Las Cruces, NM 88005, USA Voice: 1-575-527-1888 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.swss.ws 7th INTERNATIONAL IPM SYMPOSIUM 2012 – March USA, in planning phase E. Wolff E-mail: [email protected] selleck compound VI INTERNATIONAL WEED SCIENCE CONGRESS 17–22 June Dynamic Weeds, Diverse

Solutions, Hangzhou, CHINA H.J. Huang, IPP, CAAS, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Beijing 100193, CHINA Fax/voice: 86-10-628-15937 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iwss.info/coming_events.asp 2013 INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CON-FERENCE 18–22 February Perth, AUSTRALIA S. Powles, AHRI, School of Plant Biol., Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth 6009, WA, AUSTRALIA Fax: 61-8-6488-7834 Voice: 61-8-6488-7870 E-mail: [email protected] Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“The absence of a balanced diet containing carbohydrates, proteins and lipids deprives the immune system of components necessary to create and sustain an effective immune response

[1]. An unbalanced diet has been associated with the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, Inositol monophosphatase 1 type 2 diabetes, and cancer, greatly affecting the quality of life. “Immunonutrition” is a field of research that studies the relationship between food intake and a functional immune system [1], [2] and [3]. Currently, research in this area is concentrated in evaluating potential immunomodulators resulting from consuming functional diets during inflammatory conditions. Several studies have shown increased immune system efficiency after the consumption of functional foods such as fructans, which are nondigestible oligosaccharides [4] and [5]. The fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and inulin found in plant foods belong to fructans. The Andean yacon plant contains high levels of these compounds in the roots, whereas the leaves have high amounts of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tryptophan. These components are able to stimulate immune defense by exercising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects [6], [7] and [8].

The theoretical physical–chemical parameters were predicted and analyzed by ProtParam (www.expasy.org). The comparison of the amino acid sequence with other LmLAAO was performed using FASTA (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/fasta/index.html) and BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). In order to predict the three-dimensional structure of LmLAAO, a model based on sequence homology was manually built. Search for protein homologues was initially performed by using the BLAST search algorithm (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) against the protein data bank (www.rcsb.org). The crystallographic structure of l-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon

halys pallas (PDB:1REO) ( Zhang et al., 2004), which shares 90% of sequence identity with LmLAAO, has been identified and used as a template for molecular modeling. Based on the sequence alignment performed by Multalin ( Corpet, 1988), amino acid substitutions selleck compound were manually included LY294002 in the model by using COOT ( Emsley and Cowtan, 2004). Structure refinement was performed using molecular dynamics with simulated annealing in CNS ( Brunger et al., 1998). Stereochemistry of the predicted model was checked by PROCHECK ( Laskowski et al., 1993). Animal care was in accordance with ethical recommendations of the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals of the Council of International Organizations of Medical

Sciences (CIOMS) and was approved by the Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (CICUA) of the University of Costa Rica (no CICUA-012-08). The hemorrhagic activity was determined by intradermal injection of 50 μg of LmLAAO dissolved in 50 μL of PBS solution in the abdominal region of three mice (strain CD-1, 18–22 g). After 3 h, mice were sacrificed, and the skin was observed for

hemorrhagic halo formation (Gutiérrez et al., 1985). A group of 6 mice (CD-1, 18–22 g) were injected with 10 μg LmLAAO subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the right footpad. The left footpad was used as control and injected with PBS. At different time intervals (15 min, 1, 3 and 24 h), the thickness of the mice paws was measured with a low-pressure spring caliper (Lomonte et al., 1993). The formation selleckchem of edema was expressed as a percentage of increment in footpad thickness. The systemic toxicity was evaluated in a group of 6 mice (CD-1, 18–22 g) by intravenous injection of 100 μg of LmLAAO. A group of 6 mice (CD-1, 18–22 g) injected with PBS was used as control. Animal behavior was monitored during the first 3 h after injection. After 24 h of injection, animals were sacrificed and the tissues of heart, lung and kidney were removed, dissected, and samples were processed for histological observation, embedded in paraffin, cut to 4 mm thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A group of 5 mice (CD-1, 18–22 g) was injected intramuscularly in the right quadriceps with a solution containing 100 μg of LmLAAO dissolved in PBS.

Then, we form the T  -by-2M2M matrix Gxy=[Gx,Gy]Gxy=[Gx,Gy], with GxGx and GyGy being the anomalies of Gx0 and Gy0, respectively. We decompose GxyGxy into PCs and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The i  th

leading PC, PCi(t  ), represents the temporal evolution (over time period t=1,2,…,Tt=1,2,…,T) of the i  th spatial pattern, EOFi(j)EOFi(j) (i=1,2,…,minT,2Mi=1,2,…,minT,2M; here T>2MT>2M, thus, i=1,2,…,2Mi=1,2,…,2M). Each of the EOFs here is a vector of length 2M2M, with the first half (j=1,2,…,Mj=1,2,…,M) describing the see more spatial pattern of GxGx (i.e., the U component of wind over locations m=1,2,…,Mm=1,2,…,M), and the second half (j=M+1,M+2,…,2Mj=M+1,M+2,…,2M), the pattern of GyGy (i.e., V component of wind over locations m=1,2,…,Mm=1,2,…,M). The product of PCi(t  ) and EOFi(j)EOFi(j) is the i  -th leading component of GxyGxy, denoted as Gxy,iGxy,i.

Then, equation(13) Gxy=∑i=12MGxy,i. Note that the directions of the gradient associated with each EOF are “constant” while its magnitude varies over time. We write “constant” in quotes because depending on the phase of each pattern, the direction may vary 180°°, with the waves generated for each case being in completely opposite directions and affecting a different part of the domain. To account for this variation, we further divide the PCiPCi into their positive and negative phases: PCi+=PCiif PCi>0,0otherwise, equation(14) PCi-=PCiif PCi<0,0otherwise, Secondly, for each chosen leading pattern EOFiEOFi (i=1,2,…,Ni=1,2,…,N, with N<2MN<2M) and each Epigenetics inhibitor phase, we calculate the set of n0n0 points of influence from which swell waves may arrive to a certain point mPmP. As described in Eq. (4), waves can be generated and propagated within a sector ±90°±90° around the wind 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl direction. Specifically, for each target point mPmP, a point m   is considered as one of influence (m0m0) if the imaginary straight line between points mPmP and m   is within the sector

comprising ±90°±90° around the direction defined by Gxy,iGxy,i at point m   and does not cross any coastline (i.e. it is not interfered by any land obstacle). To account for refraction effects that would make those waves travelling near coast turning towards it, a certain angle tolerance level (5°5°) is used so that wave trains that travel very close to the coast are not accounted for. Obviously, this method simplifies the real world situation, in which wave direction can be further modified by local phenomena like diffraction. Different from Wang et al. (2012), we do not include the leading PCs of SLP anomalies in this study; and we include the leading PCs of GxyGxy in a different way, namely in the term ΔswΔsw, to account for swell wave trains, which is detailed below in this section. Fig. 4 shows an example of the n0n0 selected points of influence for a wave grid point m   and for the first leading pattern EOF1EOF1, which explains 36% of the variability in GxyGxy and can be associated with a typical Mistral event (see Section 2.

1 s (range 8–69 s) and 15.4 s (range 1–90 s) responses, respectively. When answering the KCQ, patients were interrupted by the physiotherapist in 25 out of 42 consultations (60%), whereas in the other 17 consultations (40%), patients’ answers came to a natural stop before the physiotherapist spoke. Out of these 25 interrupted consultations, responses to closed questions (n = 16) were interrupted sooner (mean = 19.9 s) than open (n = 4) Alpelisib mouse (mean = 24.8 s) and open-focused questions (n = 5) (mean = 45.2 s). This exploratory study aimed to identify the preferred phrasing of physiotherapists when opening clinical encounters

in musculoskeletal outpatient settings. The results indicate that clinicians are in favour of using open questions when asking patients about their ‘problem presentation’ in both initial and follow-up clinical encounters. Open questions give patients the opportunity to express their own ideas and experiences freely, whereas closed questions only look for a ‘yes’, ‘no’ or simple fact response ( Evans et al., 2008). These results relate to previous research, which has highlighted that when practitioners use open questions at the start of their consultations, patients report greater satisfaction and adherence to treatment, as they feel the practitioner has listened to them, which facilitates the therapeutic relationship

( Robinson click here and Heritage, 2006 and Zolnierek and Dimatteo, 2009). In the present study, physiotherapists favoured the question: “Do you just want to tell me a little bit about [your problem presentation] first of all?” which is a problem-focused symptom query, and is both a question and an check details invitation. In lay terms, this could be described as an open-focused question, as it allows the patient to direct the problem aspect. The ‘just … tell me’ component is eliciting

a narrative and the clinician is not presupposing a specific angle or problem, or displaying prior knowledge of the patient’s problem, thereby occupying a less knowledgeable (K–) epistemic status ( Heritage, 2012). It is evident that the question is phrased as a yes/no interrogative and displays an entitlement contingency, however it still gives the patient an entitlement to decline. Finally, the temporal component ‘first of all’ sets up that there is more to come and the patient will therefore have further opportunities to tell their story. This style of question was favoured over: • narrative open questions (“Do you want to tell me your story”); The findings of the current study are comparable to that of Marvel et al. (1999), who observed that in 34 out of 264 interviews between physicians and patients, physicians followed open questions with open-focused questions when addressing patients’ agendas. They commented that this is a ‘useful’ style to adopt as it avoids gathering an extensive list of patient concerns rigidly at the opening of the interview (Marvel et al., 1999).

In 2013, the American Medical Directors Association was involved in identifying the top 5 items that physicians and patients should question in the long-term care setting as part of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation’s Choosing Wisely Campaign. Item 4 on this list was “Don’t prescribe antipsychotic medications for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in individuals with dementia

without an assessment for an underlying cause of the behavior.”9 The most recent UK audit of primary care data showed a decrease in antipsychotic prescribing to individuals with dementia from approximately 17% in 2006 to 7% in 2011.10 The audit showed widespread and significant variation in practice across the country, ranging from approximately PCI-32765 nmr 3% of individuals with dementia receiving antipsychotic medication at the time of the audit in London and the southeast to approximately 13% in the northwest. The audit provided no information on duration of prescription or on the residential setting of people with dementia and represents data from approximately 50% of general practices in the United Kingdom. Audit studies based in nursing homes have generally reported a higher prevalence of antipsychotic prescription among individuals with dementia.11, 12, 13 and 14 Anecdotally, we are Torin 1 mw aware

of a variety of interventions being used to assess, evaluate, and review the prescription of antipsychotic medications in care homes. These include education and raising staff awareness, development and use of decision-making pathways, medication checklists, mood, pain and behavioral charts, advice on nondrug-based alternatives, regular medication review by pharmacists, community Cyclooxygenase (COX) or hospital-based psychiatrists and general practitioners, interdisciplinary education programs, and pharmacist-led strategies. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of interventions used to reduce inappropriate prescribing of antipsychotic medications to individuals with dementia resident in

care homes to help to inform the provision of services. We also were interested in published accounts of the views and experiences of prescribers of included interventions to highlight barriers and facilitators to the successful implementation of such interventions. The systematic review was conducted following the general principles published by the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD).15 A predefined protocol was developed following consultation with topic and methods experts and is registered with PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2012:CRD42012003425). A comprehensive search syntax using MeSH and free text terms was developed by an information specialist (M.R.) in consultation with the review team (Table 1).

Each cDNA sample was run in technical triplicate using gene-specific primers. Therefore each gene set included 36 target and 36 reference cDNA samples. Each gene

set also contained a 5-point standard curve for the reference and target genes, a no-template control, an extraction negative find more and a reverse transcriptase (RT) negative as controls. mRNA expression was analysed independently by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Satistica 6 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). Data analysis was carried out using Sequence Detection Systems software (Applied Biosystems). For quantification of gene expression changes, the ‘relative standard curve method’ was used to calculate relative fold changes normalised against the GAPDH gene (endogenous Cilengitide chemical structure control) using Eqs. (5) and (6). No significant differences were observed between vials within a batch (for all genes) and the vials behaved consistently across the two batches tested (batch 1 and 2). Therefore, data from all vials were pooled to increase the level of replication for each condition. Fold differences were calculated using Eq. (7) to compare batch-to-batch differences and primary vs. P.1 gene expression levels. A 2-fold difference is considered significant. equation(5) Normalisedtarget(test),NTT=Target/endogenouscontrol equation(6) Normalisedtarget(calibrator),NTC=Target/endogenouscontrol equation(7)

Folddifferenceintarget=NTT/NTC Permeability assays (apical to basal direction) were performed on 10 radio-labelled compounds covering passive permeation ([3H]diazepam, [3H]naloxone, [3H]propranolol, [14C]sucrose), uptake ([14C]caffeine, [3H]L-glutamic acid (as Na glutamate in saline), [3H]L-leucine) and efflux ([3H]colchicine, [3H]digoxin, [3H]vinblastine) transporters, as described for [14C]sucrose in Section 4.8. The apparent

permeability Papp was calculated according to Eq. (2) and plotted against Amrubicin the calculated Log Poctanol as a measure of lipophilicity of the compound. Log Poctanol estimation was obtained from http://www.syrres.com/eSc/est_kowdemo.htm. Data were expressed as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) and analysed and presented using Microsoft Excel or GraphPad Prism (version 4.0). Groups of two were analysed using Student’s t-test, groups of three or more were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Values were considered to be significantly different when the probability that differences were not due to chance alone was less than 5% (p <0.05). The authors thank Dr. Gavin Nixon from LGC Ltd., Teddington, UK for assisting with TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays, Dr. Diana Dolman for the advice on functional assays, Dr. Siti Yusof for technical help with permeability assays and Professor Nancy Rothwell for support.

, 2000). A

focal animal was selected from the group, using previously described selection criteria (Williams et al., 2002a and Williams et al., 2002b) to ensure representative sampling of the population and reliability of re-sighting an individual within a tracking session. Because initial activity state can affect the probability of killer whales responding to small vessels (Williams et al., 2006), focal animals were selected during travel/forage activity, rather than resting, socializing, feeding or beach-rubbing. Positions of surfacing animals (horizontal and vertical angle coordinates) were located using the theodolite and directly recorded into the laptop computer using THEOPROG. At each surfacing, the team recorded the focal whale’s alpha-numeric ID (Ford et al., 2000), each time the whale surfaced to take a breath, and any corresponding

surface active behavioral events such as breaches, Androgen Receptor signaling Antagonists pectoral fin slaps and tail (fluke) slaps. Accuracy of each whale position was confirmed by the laptop operator by viewing the positions as they were plotted in real-time. Any deviation or noticeable gap in surfacing was reviewed and PCI-32765 nmr confirmed by the theodolite operator. Positions of vessels were marked with the theodolite once they entered the study area, usually while the focal whale appeared to be down on a long dive. Vessels were assigned to one of the following 10 categories: Glycogen branching enzyme • CAR = Self-Propelled Cargo Vessel Whale data were summarized for each track, with each track represented only once in the analyses. Five dependent whale response variables included were: inter-breath interval (dive time), speed, directness index (directness), deviation index (DEV) and surface active

behavior (SAB). Refer to Table 1 for the dependent whale response variable definitions (Williams et al., 2002a and Williams et al., 2002b). For completeness, we include in an appendix the R code required to calculate the directness and deviation indices from the X–Y coordinates (Appendix 1). All tracks that included marks of large ships (cruise ships (COL), tugs (TUG) or cargo vessels (CAR)) were assessed for opportunistic natural experiments in which there was sufficient data to be able to compare and contrast behavior of the focal whale before exposure to large vessel presence and during exposure (Table 2; Appendix 2). There were a few occasions where behavior could be monitored after the ship had left the study area, but too few for a 3-way analysis. For completeness (and to facilitate inclusion of our data in future meta-analyses), we summarized whale behavior in all three segments – “Before”, “During”, and “After” ship encounter – even though we only used before and during comparisons in statistical analyses. For practical reasons (i.e.