A total of 4 subtypes, 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d have been recognized [16–18]. In serotype 1, a glucosyl group is attached to the GlcNac residue of the repeating unit by an alpha-1, 4 linkage, which results in the presence of serotype 1-specific I antigen. The type I modification is mediated by an O-antigen glucosylation locus (gtrI, gtrA, gtrB) encoded on the SfI prophage genome [5]. The glucosylation genes and flanking partial SfI sequences were previously obtained from a serotype 1a strain Y53 [17]. However, the free phage particle of SfI had not been isolated, and its full genomic characteristics have not yet been elucidated [5]. In this study, we induced and purified the free SfI phage particles

from S. flexneri serotype 1a clinical strain 019

and characterized its morphology, host range and genomic features. buy Dorsomorphin Results and discussion Isolation of phage SfI from S. flexneri serotype 1a strain 019 Using the conditions described in Methods, we induced the SfI phage from serotype 1a strain 019. Plaques were observed on the semi-solid LB agar when the host strain 036 was infected with induced products from strain 019. Lysogens isolated from plaques were serologically identified as serotype 1a, characterized by agglutination with both typing sera I and grouping sera 3;4. PCR amplification indicated that the SfI specific gene gtrI is present on both phage particles and the lysogens. These results suggest that phage SfI has been successfully induced and isolated Romidepsin ic50 from strain 019. This is the first report of isolation of free Protirelin SfI particles from S. flexneri. The morphology of

SfI is characteristic of the Myoviridae family The purified SfI phage particles were morphologically analyzed using electron microscopy. The phage has a hexagonal head of ca. 55 nm in diameter, a knob-like neck, a contractile tail of ca. 110 nm, and a tail sheath of ca. 55 nm (Figure 1). There are indications of a baseplate-like structure and long tail fibers, but no other distinctive features could be seen (Figure 1). These characteristics suggest that phage SfI is a member of the Myoviridae family in the order Caudovirale[19]. Figure 1 Electron micrograph of S. flexneri bacteriophage SfI stained with phosphotungstic acid. In comparison to other morphologically characterized serotype-converting phages Sf6, SfV, SfII and SfX, SfI has a very similar appearance to SfII and SfV [8, 11], but distinctive from SfX and Sf6 [12, 20]. The microscopic difference reflected the genetic divergence among them in that the SfI packaging and structure genes were identical to those of phage SfV, but divergent from those of SfX and Sf6 (see below, Figure 2). Figure 2 Genetic map of S. flexneri bacteriophage SfI and comparison of SfI with related phages and prophages. The SfI genome is shown to scale. Numbers below the scale bar are the number of base pairs. Arrows above the scale represent the predicted genes and orientation.