Blood, serum and DNA samples of 25 T2D cases (13 males and 12 females) and 25 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) (12 males, 13 females) individuals were studied. All blood samples were obtained at the baseline visit and all participants provided a written informed consent for investigations. The recruited members of the resource population were above the age of 25 years with an average of (mean ± SD) 44.6 ± 10.42

and 49.6 ± 12.5 years for control and T2D group respectively. The diagnosis of T2D was confirmed by analyzing medical records for symptoms, use of medication, and measuring of fasting glucose levels following the guidelines of American Diabetes Association (Diabetes selleck chemical CX5461 Care, December 29, 2009; January 2010, Supplement). Primary inclusion criteria comprised a medical record indicating either 1) a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL or ≥7.0 mM after a minimum of 12 h fasting or 2) a 2-h post-glucose level [2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)] of ≥200 mg/dL or ≥11.1 mM

on more than one occasion with symptoms of diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mM) but ≤126 mg/dL (7.0 mM) or a 2-h OGTT of ≥140 mg/dL (7.8 mM) but ≤200 mg/dL (11.1 mM). In cases where a medical report was not readily available, self-reported T2D cases were confirmed by performing a 2-h OGTT. The 2-h OGTTs were performed according to the WHO criteria (75 g oral load of glucose). Body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight (kg)/height (meter) while waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated as the ratio of abdomen or waist circumference to hip circumference. Details of the NGT and T2D population mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2. The NGT subjects that participated Rolziracetam in this study were from the same subpopulation group from Maharashtra. All protocols were reviewed and approved by the project authorities at geneOmbio Technologies in Pune and a memorandum of understanding and material transfer

agreements for sample sharing were signed between the two collaborating Institutes. Quantification of HbA1c was done from whole blood. HbA1c levels were determined by turbidometric inhibition immunoassay (Tina Quant; Roche). The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. HOMA-IR value of T2D population was 4.6 ± 0.75 as compared to control group 2.7 ± 0.44. The HOMA-B mean value in control and diabetic population was 196.6 ± 180.17 and 28.7 ± 7.15 respectively. Thus indicating insulin resistance and reduction in beta-cell function in T2D population. DNA was extracted from blood cells using standardized SDS–phenol/chloroform method described by Sambrook et al (1989).