Complete healing occurred after selleck screening library intravenous treatment with PFA. Patient 4 clearly met all the clinical and biological criteria for an immune restoration syndrome. Immune restoration syndromes usually occur in the first 3 months after HAART initiation and have previously been described for cutaneous herpes simplex and various other skin infections such as flare-ups of molluscum contagiosum, human papilloma virus warts and Kaposi sarcoma [2,12]. All the patients were tested for anti-herpetic drug resistance, and four of the seven patients showed in vitro resistance to ACV which correlated well with clinical resistance. Previous drug exposure has been found to be the main

explanation click here for the development of resistance [13]. These patients had received repeated treatments and/or long durations of treatment with ACV-type drugs. Clinical resistance was partially

counteracted using higher drug doses: valACV 3 g/day or famciclovir (FCV) 1.5 g/day for 2 or 3 weeks with renal function control. As several viral populations are known to coexist in such chronic lesions, the risk of selecting a resistant viral population is high, and the use of prolonged high dosages is not recommended. A switch to a drug with a different antiviral target, such as foscarnet (PFA), is recommended. Moreover, in our study, in vitro primary resistance was detected in patients never exposed Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK to the tested drugs: patients 4 and

5 showed viral resistance to CFV and PFA, respectively. To our knowledge, no such primary resistance in a clinical sample has previously been reported. However, a strain profile of resistance obtained using a genotyping method is lacking in our series. The choice of anti-herpetic drugs thus requires careful clinical evaluation guided by virological tests: to summarize, when the lesion does not heal despite prolonged treatment with oral valACV or FCV (10–14 days) and/or the use of higher posology, i.v. ACV may be given as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. We recommend the use of a second-line anti-herpetic drug only after laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. This may require a simple smear and sometimes a mucous or cutaneous deep biopsy. HSV isolation is essential for drug sensitivity evaluation. When strains of ACV-resistant HSV are detected, i.v. PFA remains the drug of choice. Ten days of treatment with PFA is sufficient to heal a true ACV-resistant herpetic lesion. If the lesion does not heal, on the clinical side, the patient’s general condition and HIV evolution should be checked, and, on the laboratory side, PFA- and CFV-specific sensitivity testing should be carried out. CFV may be tried in the case of PFA resistance or intolerance. When choice is possible, CFV is more convenient to use than PFA.