“
“The serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor is an only ligand-gated ion channel among 14 serotonin receptors. Here, we examined the roles of the 5-HT3 receptor in the formation of dendrites and axons, using a dissociation culture of embryonic rat cerebral cortex. Cortical neurons at embryonic day 16 were

cultured for 4 days in the presence of a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist with or without an antagonist. Neurons were then immunostained by antibodies against microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. All cells expressed MAP2, whereas only limited number of cells expressed GAD65. From the immunoreactivity and the cell shape, we tentatively divided neurons Idasanutlin solubility dmso into 3 types: GAD-positive multipolar, GAD-positive bipolar/tripolar and GAD-negative neurons. The total length of axons and dendrites, the number of primary dendrites and the dendritic branching of GAD-negative neurons were decreased by the agonist (10 or 100 nM), most of which were reversed by the concomitant treatment of

the antagonist. In contrast, no or little effect was observed on the formation of dendrites and axons of GAD-positive multipolar neurons, and the neurite formation of GAD-positive bipolar/tripolar neurons. The present study revealed differential roles of the 5-HT3 receptor in the formation of dendrites and axons of subtypes of cortical neurons. (C) 2009 Elsevier check details Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Patients with cryptorchidism can have such short spermatic vessels that it

is impossible to place the testicle in a satisfactory scrotal position using conventional GSK126 orchiopexy. In these cases the most commonly used operation is 1 to 2-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy. We present our surgical experience using staged inguinal orchiopexy without section of the spermatic vessels in patients with short spermatic vessels.

Materials and Methods: We used 2-stage inguinal orchiopexy in 38 children with intra-abdominal testis or testis peeping through the internal ring and short spermatic vessels (7 bilateral). Spermatic vessels were not sectioned, but were lengthened through progressive traction of the spermatic cord wrapped in polytetrafluoroethylene pericardial membrane (Preclude (R)). In the first stage we mobilized the spermatic cord in the retroperitoneal space and then wrapped it in the polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. We subsequently attached the testis to the invaginated scrotal bottom. At 9 to 12 months we performed the second stage, which involved removing the polytetrafluoroethylene membrane.

Results: From the first to the second stage we observed progressive descent of the testicle toward the scrotum. At 1 to 8-year followup after the second stage all 45 testicles were palpable in a satisfactory scrotal position with stable or increased testicular volume.