Under water stress, the 64 ILs had a mean GY of 14.8 g per plant, or 15.9% lower than HHZ. The numbers of ILs that had significantly higher and lower yields than HHZ were 8 and 10 (Table 1) with most DT ILs coming from the HHZ/C418 population and most drought sensitive ILs coming from HHZ/AT354. Many lines in this group of ILs showed early heading, reduced height and reduced fertility

under stress (Table 1). Under normal irrigated conditions in Hainan, the 82 ST selected ILs had an average GY of 24.7 g per plant, or 12.1% higher than HHZ (Table 2). Of these, 10 ILs had significantly higher GY than HHZ, resulting primarily from increased SNP/FNP, PN and PH (Table 3). Only GDC-0199 nmr two ILs had significantly lower GY than HHZ. Again, many of these ILs showed early heading, reduced GW and lower fertility as indirect responses to selection for ST. Under water stress, the 82 ILs had a mean GY of 16.0 g per plant, or 9.1% lower than HHZ. The numbers of ILs that had significantly higher and lower GY than HHZ were 14 and 18 (Table 1), which were roughly equal from the three populations. Many of these ST ILs showed early heading and reduced SF/FNP under stress R428 solubility dmso (Table 1). This group of 43 ILs had gone through two rounds of selection

for DT, one in Hainan and one in Beijing. Under the severe drought of Beijing that killed HHZ (100% yield reduction), the 43 ILs had an average GY of 9.0 g per plant, or a reduction of 70.2% compared with their GY in the irrigated control (Table 4). Under normal irrigated conditions, the 43 ILs had an average GY of 25.4 g, or 9.9% higher than HHZ. Of these, only eight ILs had significantly higher average GY than HHZ and the remaining ILs had the same GY as HHZ (Table 3). In Hainan, the 43 ILs had an average GY of 24.0 g per plant, or 9.1% higher than HHZ under irrigated conditions (Table 2). Of these, five ILs had significantly higher GY than HHZ, resulting primarily from increased SNP and PH (Table 3). The remaining ILs had the same GY as HHZ. Again, early heading was an indirect response to selection for DT in 20 of the 43 ILs (Table 3). Under water stress, the 43 ILs had a mean GY of 16.2 g per plant, or 8.0% lower than

HHZ. Eight ILs had significantly either higher GY than HHZ, most of which were from population HHZ/C418 (Table 1). None of these ILs had lower GY than HHZ and 15 ILs showed delayed heading. ANOVA of the combined data from Beijing and Hainan indicated that the differences among the ILs (G) were highly significant for all measured traits and explained, on average, 17.0% of the total phenotypic variation, ranging from 8.5% for PN to 31.5% for HD. The difference among locations (L) was highly significant for all traits and explained an average of 14.0% of the total variation, ranging from 1.9% for SF to 36.9% for PN.