The incision site was closed, and animals were given 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine (Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, VA) every 12 hours for 48 hours. Past studies have indicated that transplanting mice with hHpSCs first and then establishing liver failure results in survival of all the transplanted mice, whereas the reverse results in significant loss of mice.25 For liver injury models,

a one-time dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was administered intraperitoneally at 0.6 μL/g. Experiments were repeated at least three times with duplicate or triplicate samples for each condition. Data from representative experiments are presented where similar trends were seen in multiple trials. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis of data was performed check details Metformin in vivo by a one-way ANOVA. Significant findings were followed with pair-wise t tests corrected for multiple comparisons using the step-down Bonferroni method. Additional methods can be found in the Supporting Information. The hHpSCs survived and maintained

a stable stem cell phenotype for more than 3 weeks in cultures when fed KM and when embedded within composite matrix biomaterials (HA, type III collagen, laminin), conditions found in stem cell niches. In both forms of hyaluronan hydrogels used (HA versus HA + collagen III + laminin), messenger RNA expression levels (Fig. 1A) show a significant (P < 0.05) fold increase in EpCAM (7.72 ± 1.42, 9.04 ± 1.82) and albumin (5.57 ± 0.73, 4.84 ± 0.84) when compared with cells on plastic. There was also a significant decrease in AFP (0.55 ± 0.11, 0.17 ± 0.03) and an increase in NCAM, the combination of which indicates that cells maintain a stem cell phenotype. When the hHSC was lineage restricted to hHBs, they lost NCAM and dramatically increased their expression of AFP.14 At the protein expression level, cells in hyaluronans with or without other matrix components demonstrated coexpressed EpCAM and NCAM (Fig. 1B). In

hydrogels supplemented with type III collagen and laminin, the EpCAM signal Baricitinib was the strongest compared with that in HA hydrogel alone. Immunosorbent assays on regularly collected media showed that normalized albumin, transferrin, and urea concentrations were stably synthesized by cells in both HA hydrogel conditions (Fig. 2). We used luciferin-marked cells transplanted into livers of immunocompromised mice, and used bioluminescent signal acquisition to test cell localization and engraftment efficiency with grafting versus other transplantation strategies. The marking was achieved using an adenoviral vector, Ad-CMV-Luc, that does not integrate in the genome and provides intense but only transient expression enabling whole animal imaging. The expression is terminated at a time point between 48 and 72 hours or soon thereafter due to silencing of the promoter by methylation mechanisms.