The fornix sign differentiated AD from NC with specificity of 1.0 and sensitivity of .56. It predicted conversion from NC to aMCI with specificity of 1.0 and sensitivity of .67, Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor and from aMCI to AD with specificity of .94 and sensitivity of .83. The fornix sign is a promising predictive imaging sign of AD. “
“The acquisition of literacy during childhood may affect the functional organization of the brain. We studied the effects of illiteracy on neuropsychological

tests and brain glucose metabolism in later life. We recruited 12 illiterate elderly farmers who never attended school and acquired no knowledge of reading or writing. These illiterate subjects were compared with literate subjects in terms of neuropsychological performance and brain glucose metabolism. All subjects were over

65 years and had same socioeconomic environment and normal activities of daily living. Neuropsychological tests indicated that the performance of illiterate subjects was worse than that of literate subjects in all cognitive domains with the exception of forward digit span, tool-use and tool-free gestures, and verbal generation of grocery items. The SPM analysis showed that illiterate subjects had reduced FDG-uptake relative to literate subjects, predominantly in the rostral part of the left superior frontal gyrus and less strikingly NVP-AUY922 in vitro in the left rectal gyrus, right cerebellar declive, and right cerebellar tonsil. In contrast, hypermetabolism was found only in the left precuneus. These results suggest that reading and writing

during childhood is associated with activation of the frontal pole that may play a critical role in complex aspects of human cognition. “
“Limited data exist regarding the long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients with spontaneous cervico-cranial arterial dissection treated with stent placement. To report the Interleukin-2 receptor immediate and long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients who received stent placement for spontaneous cervico-cranial arterial dissection. We reviewed clinical and angiographic data of consecutive patients with spontaneous, cervico-cranial arterial dissection treated with stent placement. Patients with recurrent ischemic symptoms or severe hemodynamic compromise despite maximal medical therapy, or those with compressive symptoms due to expanding pseudoaneurysms were considered for stent placement. Follow-up angiography and intravascular ultrasound (in select patients) was performed to detect in-stent restenosis, intimal flap, thrombus, or persistent pseudoaneurysm. A total of 14 patients were identified, with complete resolution of stenosis achieved in 10 patients immediately post-procedure. Clinical follow-up ranged from 26–900 days, during which there was 1 (7%) TIA, 1 (7%) minor ischemic stroke, and 1 (7%) in hospital death (unrelated to stent placement). Stroke-free survival was 93% at both 1 month and 6 months after the procedure.