12 In the two

previous global consensus reports,8,12 the relatively low percentages of physicians’ votes agreeing strongly that GERD may cause tooth erosion in both adults and children is possibly a reflection of a lack of oral health training. One random survey involving 611 graduating pediatric residents found that most received either no training or less than 3 h of oral health training, with only 14% spending clinical observation time with a dentist.18 A national survey of pediatricians also found that only 54% examined the teeth of more than half of their 0–3-year-old patients. Fewer than 25% of these pediatricians had received any oral health education at all during their career.19 In both surveys, most of the pediatricians stated that they should be trained to undertake basic oral health screenings. Compounding this problem, Decitabine ic50 another questionnaire survey found that only three of 104 pediatricians were aware of tooth erosion caused by acidic pediatric medications.20 A recent review article concluded that, “the primary care physician and the gastroenterologist need to pay more attention to the often neglected oral examination.”13

Tooth erosion is usually a slow process occurring over many years, and its subtle appearance is often not adequately observed during a cursory examination under less-than-ideal conditions. It is not surprising that advanced BGB324 manufacturer erosive tooth wear is usually detected only after significant damage has occurred to the dentition and the masticatory system.21 Therefore, the diagnosis and preventive management of early stages of erosive tooth wear should be a key step to avoiding a lifetime of debilitating dentition and complex restorative therapy.22 It should also be realized that expensive and extensive selleck chemicals treatment for advanced erosive tooth wear can fail catastrophically and may need long-term maintenance. Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition caused by tooth grinding, abrasion from coarse food or objects, exogenous erosion (e.g. dietary acids

and acidic medications) and endogenous erosion (e.g. gastric regurgitation and vomiting). It is beyond the scope of this article to conduct a detailed review of all these wear processes. Therefore, we have focused on issues relating to endogenous erosion associated with GERD (gastric regurgitation). Specifically, these issues include the oral manifestations of GERD, the occurrence of gastric regurgitation with tooth grinding, the oral defense system including salivary protection, and the collaborative medical and dental management. The principal difficulty with investigating the links between GERD and its possible oral manifestations in humans has been the need to subject them to unacceptable invasive investigative procedures and to withhold any required treatments during long-term prospective studies.