[32] For histological analysis, colons were fixed, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin & eosin. Histological changes were graded from 0 to 4 in a blind fashion according to previously described

criteria as follows: 0, no signs of inflammation; 1, very low level of leucocyte infiltration; 2, low level of leucocyte infiltration; 3, high level of leucocyte infiltration, high vascular density, and thickening of the colon wall; 4, transmural leucocyte infiltration, loss of goblet cells, high vascular density and PS-341 manufacturer thickening of the colon wall.[32] Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of the colon was measured according to the method described previously.[33] Briefly, tissues were homogenized and centrifuged (30 000 g, 30 min at

4°). Pellets were resuspended in hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in 50 mm potassium phosphate buffer and then freeze–thawed three times. The supernatants were diluted in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6·0) containing 0·167 mg O-dianisidine dihydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0·0006% (vol/vol) H2O2. Changes in absorbance at 460 nm were recorded with kinetic readings over 3 min. Sample protein concentrations were determined (bicinchoninic acid assay), and the results are presented as MPO units per milligram selleck chemicals llc of protein. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were isolated and incubated in complete RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum at a concentration of 1 × 106 cells/ml for 48 hr in the presence or absence of PMA (10 ng/ml) and concanavalin

A (Con A; 2 μg/ml) selleck screening library (Sigma-Aldrich). Cytokine production in culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. The levels of IL-6, IL-17A and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in MLN cell culture supernatants were determined by sandwich ELISA using the kits supplied by eBioscience (San Diego, CA). ELISA was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Mesenteric lymph node cells were isolated and suspended in complete RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum at a density of 1 × 106/ml. The cell suspensions were re-stimulated with PMA (20 ng/ml), ionomycin (1 μg/ml) and 2 μm of monensin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 hr. Cells were harvested, blocked with rat anti-mouse CD16/32 antibodies, and stained with phycoerythrin-cy5-conjugated anti-mouse CD4 antibody (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA). Cells were then fixed and permeabilized with Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD Pharmingen) and stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-mouse IL-17A antibody. Intracellular FoxP3 was determined according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data were acquired on a FACScalibur (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and analysed with the CellQuest v3.3 software as instructed.