Here, we show that this interindividual variability is caused learn more by a different reactivity of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis upon exposure to a stressor. Mice with high trait anxiety (long emergence latency, LEL) display a more pronounced stress-induced activation of the HPA axis than mice with low trait anxiety (short emergence latency, SEL). Moreover, stress-induced activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and corticotropin-releasing hormone occurred in LEL but not SEL mice. In search of the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we found that under non-stressed conditions mRNA and protein levels of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus
were higher in LEL mice compared PCI-34051 manufacturer to SEL mice. Also, systemic injection of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 decreased the stress-induced activation of the
HPA axis and the long-term anxiogenic effects of stress observed in LEL mice. Finally, the rewarding properties of cocaine were enhanced in LEL mice compared to SEL mice, suggesting a causal link between trait anxiety, stress activity and the behavioral responses to drugs of addiction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Noroviruses are implicated in many worldwide institutional, food and waterborne outbreaks each year. Genetic typing of isolates is valuable for monitoring outbreak spread as well as variation in circulating strains. Microarrays have the potential to provide rapid genotype information for norovirus samples. The NoroChip v3.0 provides an oligonucleotide hybridization platform to screen for over 600 potential interactions in each experiment. The NoroChip v3.0 was developed at Health Canada and validated in seven international partner laboratories. Each laboratory validated the NoroChip v3.0 using Montelukast Sodium norovirus amplicons routinely characterized in their testing
protocols. Fragments from the capsid region (region C) and a 2.4 kb amplicon spanning polymerase and capsid sequences (region AD) were validated in six of the partner laboratories and provided correct genogroup typing information (GI or GII) when hybridized to the NoroChip v3.0. Results indicate that the current limiting factor for implementing the NoroChip v3.0 as a strain typing tool is the difficulty obtaining a long, specific amplicon from all circulating norovirus strains. Data obtained with the longer region AD amplicon provided the best discrimination between norovirus strains. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have attracted considerable interest as a novel area of therapeutic drug discovery. Two types of alpha 7-selective PAMs have been identified (type I and type II).