The corresponding value is above 0.95, using the well-known relation ϕ CS = 1 – τ/τ Chl (Croce and van Amerongen 2011), where τ Chl is the average lifetime of the excited Chl in PSII in the absence of charge separation. The exact value for this parameter is unknown but a recent study led to a value of ~2 ns (Belgio et al. 2012). The kinetics also shows a small contribution of a long-lived component which is usually ascribed to the fact that charge separation is partly reversible. The amplitude and lifetime of this component depend on the competition between

secondary charge separation in the RC (forward electron transfer from the primary electron acceptor) and back transfer of the electron from primary #Baf-A1 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# acceptor to primary donor. Aurora Kinase inhibitor Fig. 3 Picosecond kinetics of isolated PSII core complexes from Thermosynechococcus, reconstructed from (Miloslavina et al. 2006) (black solid) and (van der Weij-de Wit et al. 2011). The decay curve presented in (Miloslavina et al. 2006) was reconstructed based on the

DAS shown in Fig. 7 of that work, and only τ1–τ5 are included in the calculation. The decay curve from (van der Weij-de Wit et al. 2011) was reconstructed based on the compartmental scheme shown in Fig. 6 in that article and the initial excitation fractions therein. Excitation wave lengths were 663 and 400 nm, respectively, but these differences are not expected to significantly influence the overall kinetics. The dotted line represents the fluorescence kinetics of PSII core in vivo for a Synechocystis mutant (excitation wavelength 400 nm) (Tian et al. 2013) Although the kinetics in both studies is rather similar, the Dichloromethane dehalogenase models that were used for the fitting differ considerably. It should be noted that the overall (average) trapping time τ of excitations can in good approximation be considered as the sum of two terms: τ = τ mig + τ trap (Van Amerongen et al. 2000; Broess et al. 2006). In a trap-limited model, the equilibration time (also called migration

time τ mig) of excitations over the photosystem is assumed to be much shorter than the overall trapping time, i.e., it can largely be neglected and thus τ = τ trap. The best-known trap-limited model is the so-called exciton/radical pair equilibrium model (ERPE model) (van Grondelle 1985; Schatz et al. 1988, 1987), and it has widely been used to interpret all kinds of variations in fluorescence in photosynthesis. Besides primary charge separation, it also includes charge recombination and secondary charge separation (see above). In (Miloslavina et al. 2006), the data were fitted to a kind of trap-limited model and it was thus assumed that excitation equilibration in the core occurs on a time scale much faster than the overall trapping time.