The protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Melbourne (Permit Number: 0911248.2). Bacterial strains and culture Bacterial BYL719 strains used in this study are summarized in Table  1 (international clone collection) and Additional file 1 (ST93 strain collection), and include the ST93 reference strains JKD6159, USA300 strain FPR3757 [19], ST30 strain JKD6177, and the HA-MRSA ST239 clone JDK6009 [20], as well as 58 additional ST93 collected from around Australia and previously reported [17]. For all experiments except exotoxin expression bacteria were grown in brain heart infusion broth (BHI, Oxoid). For the mouse skin

infection assay, S. aureus were harvested at the stationary phase of growth after 18 hours incubation (OD600 ~ 2.0), washed, diluted and resuspended in PBS. The bacterial inoculum (CFU) and viable counts were

determined by plating onto BHI agar and colony enumeration. For LukF-PV expression experiments, bacteria were grown in CCY media (3% yeast extract (Oxoid), 2% Bacto Casamino Acids www.selleckchem.com/products/azd5153.html (Difco), 2.3% sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.63% Na2HPO4, 0.041% KH2PO4, pH 6.7). For α-hemolysin (Hla) and PSMα3 expression experiments, bacteria were grown in tryptone soy broth (TSB, Oxoid). Overnight cultures were diluted 1:100 into fresh media and then incubated at 37°C with shaking (180 rpm) until stationary phase was achieved. For LukF-PV detection, isolates were cultured for 8 hours (OD600 ~ 1.8); for Hla detection, isolates were cultured for approximately 3 hours (OD600 ~ 1.8); and for PSMα3 detection, isolates were cultured Janus kinase (JAK) for

24 hours (OD600 ~ 2.0). Culture supernatants were harvested by centrifugation and filter sterilized. These were performed in at least triplicate for each S. aureus strain. Detection of LukF-PV and Hla by western blotting Trichloroacetic acid was added to culture supernatants and incubated at 4°C overnight. Precipitates were then harvested by centrifugation, washed with acetone, air-dried and solubilized in a SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol containing sample buffer. The proteins were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE. A peptide sequence specific to LukF-PV, HWIGNNYKDENRATHT was synthesized and HRP conjugated polyclonal chicken IgY was raised against this peptide (Genscript). This antibody was used to detect LukF-PV with enhanced chemiluminescence. Images generated from the western blots were Bucladesine cost quantitated using GS800 Calibrated Densitometer (BioRad) and Image J [32]. Hla was detected using a polyclonal rabbit anti-Hla (Sigma-Aldrich), in buffer containing 20 mM DEPC to inhibit non-specific protein A binding and HRP conjugated sheep anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Millipore) with enhanced chemiluminescence detection [33].