Pre- and post-testing laboratory visits were identical and each measurement was taken by the same investigator at both visits. Participants arrived at the laboratory Selleckchem CYC202 following an eight-hour overnight fast and had heart rate (60 seconds; radial pulse) and blood pressure (auscultatory method) measured [26] after sitting quietly for five minutes. Each measurement was taken twice and the average was recorded. The following measurements were completed (in order): blood measures, body composition, isokinetic and isometric strength, Wingate, and maximal strength for every participant.
Blood measures Blood samples (~10 ml) were drawn via venipuncture from the median cubital or cephalic vein in the antecubital space of the forearm into vacutainer tubes with no preservative (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Serum samples were allowed to clot at room temperature and then stored on ice until centrifuging at 3500 rpm at 4°C for 15 minutes (IEC CL3R Multispeed Centrifuge, Thermo Electron Corporation, Erastin Needham Heights, Massachusetts). Aliquots of 300 μL each were transferred into microtubes and frozen Compound C ic50 at −80 degrees Celsius for later analysis of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), human Growth Hormone (hGH),
and testosterone using commercially available ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Intra-assay coefficient of variability was 4.5%, 8.1%, and 15.2% for IGF-1, hGH, and testosterone, respectively. Following blood collection, participants consumed one eight ounce box of apple juice. Body composition Body mass and height (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) were recorded. All measurements were taken with shoes removed wearing only underwear. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; GE Lunar iDXA; General Electric Company, Fairfield, Connecticut) with participants in the supine position according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results were analyzed with enCORE Software, version
FAD 11.0 (GE Lunar). The coefficient of variation (CV) for the total body lean and fat tissue were 1.5% and 1.9%, respectively, based on the three repeated measures of a subset of 10 participants. Circumference measurements of the upper arm, chest, gluteals, and thigh were taken using a measuring tape with strain gauge (Creative Health Products, Ann Arbor, Michigan) and the participant wearing only exercise shorts. For the chest measurement, the tape was run horizontally across the nipples and around the back, and the participant was instructed to exhale fully. For the upper arm measurement, participants were instructed to raise the dominant arm to shoulder height and contract the biceps brachii maximally until the measurement was completed. The measurement was taken at the thickest part of the contracting biceps brachii. The gluteal measurement was taken around the widest part with the participant standing with his feet together.