PubMedCrossRef 30. Gergs U, Boknik P, Schmitz W, Simm A, Silber RE, Neumann J: A positive inotropic effect of adenosine in cardiac preparations of right atria from diseased human hearts. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009, 379:533–540.PubMedCrossRef 31. Gergs U, Boknik P, Schmitz W, Simm A, Silber RE, Neumann J: A positive inotropic effect of ATP in the human cardiac atrium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008, 294:H1716-H1723.PubMedCrossRef ATM/ATR cancer 32. Kichenin K, Decollogne S, Angignard J, Seman M: Cardiovascular and pulmonary response
to oral administration of ATP in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:1962–1968.PubMedCrossRef 33. Davies KJ, Sevanian A, Muakkassah-Kelly SF, Hochstein P: Uric acid-iron ion complexes. A new aspect of the antioxidant functions of uric acid. Biochem J 1986, 235:747–754.PubMed 34. Sevanian A, Davies KJ, Hochstein P: Serum urate as an antioxidant for ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54:1129S-1134S.PubMed 35. May C, Weigl L, Karel A, Hohenegger M: Extracellular ATP activates ERK1/ERK2 via a metabotropic P2Y1 receptor in a Ca2+ independent manner in differentiated human skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006, 71:1497–1509.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests This research was funded in part through a grant from the Grow Iowa Values Fund to Metabolic Technologies, Inc., Ames, IA, and in part by TSI (USA), Inc., Missoula, MT. The study
was listed at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01141504). TSI (USA), Inc. also provided Selleck 17DMAG Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II the Peak ATP® and placebo supplements used in the study. RS and HA declare no competing interests. JR, JF, and SB are employed by Metabolic Technologies, Inc which engages in business trade with TSI (USA), Inc. NA is a part owner of Metabolic Technologies, Inc. Authors’ contributions RS was the principle investigator of the study and designed the study. RS and HA implemented the study and collected the data. JR, SB, NA, and RS participated in the design of the study and in the
writing of this manuscript. JR and JF performed data analysis and JF wrote the manuscript. All SCH772984 cost Authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Phospholipids are a major structural component of all biological membrane systems [1, 2]. Phosphatidic acid (PA) or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate is a phospholipid that makes up a small percentage of the total phospholipid pool [3–5]. It not only is a constituent of all cell membranes, it also acts as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and other phospholipids. It is also suggested to act as an intracellular lipid second messenger that regulates signaling proteins, including several kinases and phosphatases [3, 6, 7]. One of the signaling proteins that PA has been suggested to stimulate is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) [8, 9], a serine threonine kinase that integrates metabolic signals from various factors including protein metabolism and cytoskeleton organization that controls cell growth [10].