Early diagnosis of PA before blood vessel wall disturbances develop is of utmost importance. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Previous evidence suggests selleck products that the dual-specific A kinase-anchoring protein 2 functional polymorphism (AKAP10 (A/G) I646V) influences heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in mice and humans (N=122) with cardiovascular disease. Here,

we asked whether this AKAP10 variant predicts HR and HRV in a large sample of healthy humans. Resting HR and short-term time and frequency domain measures of HRV (5 min during paced and unpaced respiration conditions) were assessed in a U.S. community sample (N=1,033) of generally healthy men and women (age 30-54) of European ancestry. Each person was genotyped for the AKAP10 variant. As with previous work, the AKAP10 VX-770 manufacturer Val allele predicted greater

resting HR (Paced p <.01; Unpaced p <.03) and diminished HRV (Paced ps <.05) suggesting that this variant may modulate the sensitivity of cardiac pacemaker cells to autonomic inputs, possibly conferring risk for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.”
“Networks of interconnected nodes have long played a key role in Cognitive Science, from artificial neural networks to spreading activation models of semantic memory. Recently, however, a new Network Science has been developed, providing insights into the emergence of global, system-scale properties in contexts as diverse as the Internet, metabolic reactions, and collaborations among scientists. Today, the inclusion of network theory into Cognitive Sciences, and the expansion of complex-systems science, promises to significantly change the way in which the organization and dynamics of cognitive and behavioral processes are understood. In this

paper, we review recent contributions of network theory at different levels and domains within the Cognitive Sciences.”
“Elevated sympathetic nerve activity, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, is partly generated from the presympathetic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The PVN-presympathetic neurons regulating cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic activity receive information about cardiovascular status from receptors in the heart and circulation. These receptors signal changes PD184352 (CI-1040) via afferent neurons terminating in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), some of which may result in excitation or inhibition of PVN-presympathetic neurons. Understanding the anatomy and neurochemistry of NTS afferent connections within the PVN could provide important clues to the impairment in homeostasis cardiovascular control associated with disease. Transynaptic labelling has shown the presence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-containing neurons and GABA interneurons that terminate on presympathetic PVN neurons any of which may be the target for NTS afferents.