, 2006a, Nezis et al., 2006b, Nezis et al., 2006c and Peterson et al., 2007). Phagosomes with highly condensed material, membrane-enclosed lucent vacuoles and electrondense material could be observed in these micrographs, along with electron-dense mitochondria (Fig. 3H and I). Also, chromatin condensation and the reduction of cell volume (Fig. 3H and I), in contrast to the disperse euchromatin and ER-rich, abundant cytoplasm observed in healthy follicle cells (Fig. 3G), points to concurrent apoptosis-like mechanisms in follicle cells in ovarian atretic follicles. Based on the findings of follicle cell ultrastructure during atresia,

these follicles were tested for apoptosis. Frozen sections of resorbing and Selleckchem Everolimus healthy vitellogenic follicles were subjected to the TUNEL assay, which specifically labels DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptotic cells. Fig. 4B, shows a positive labeling in follicle cell nuclei of a resorbing follicle. As later developmental stages of follicle maturation in many insects are associated with apoptosis-like PCD of nurse cells and follicle cells (McCall, 2004), control vitellogenic follicles obtained from Grace’s injected females were also tested. Healthy vitellogenic follicles proved to be TUNEL-negative (Fig. 4A), showing that the observed PCD is not associated with follicle maturation at this developmental stage. In many

insect models, yolk granules become acidified during normal embryogenesis (Giorgi et find more al., 1999 and Motta et al., 2004) and atresia (Uchida et 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase al., 2001), leading to yolk degradation (Fagotto, 1995, Uchida et al., 2001 and Kotaki, 2003), whereas

no reports of these phenomena are known during normal oogenesis. Considering the resorptive phenotype observed in Fig. 2B–D, the acidification status of yolk granules in atretic follicles was addressed. R. prolixus yolk granule suspensions were obtained using the protocol described elsewhere ( Ramos et al., 2007). However, only low yields of granules were obtained from atretic follicles of challenged insects. The incubation of these few granules obtained with acridine orange (a marker of acidic compartments) evidenced their precocious acidification ( Fig. 5B). Acidified vesicles were not observed in suspensions obtained from control (healthy vitellogenic) follicles ( Fig. 5A). In order to address the mechanisms involved in yolk resorption, the presence of serine- and cysteine-protease activities in extracts of healthy vitellogenic and atretic follicles was tested, since these proteases have already been implicated in yolk processing during follicle atresia in arthropod and mammal models (Takahashi et al., 1993, Giorgi et al., 1999, Uchida et al., 2001 and Sriraman and Richards, 2004). To address a possible interference of secreted proteases of fungal origin, atretic follicles induced by Zymosan A administration were also tested. Acid (pH 5.

Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 present the results for each group of pigments. The problem of the adaptation of phytoplankton cells to light conditions in the Baltic Sea is more complex than in Case Proton pump modulator 1 (ocean) waters. The relative errors of the approximated concentrations of different pigment groups are larger than for ocean waters. The only exception is chlorophyll c, for which the logarithmic statistical

error was about 8.8% lower (σ– = 34.6% for Baltic waters and 38.2% for ocean waters). Analysis of the approximated concentrations of other PSP groups, i.e. chlorophyll b and PSC, as a function of spectral fitting showed that the relative estimation errors were more than twice as large for the Baltic data than for buy CYC202 the ocean data. This may have been due to the different distributions of the relative spectral irradiances at different depths in Case 1 and Case 2 waters. In the deeper regions of oligotrophic waters (such as ocean waters), light comes mainly from the blue-green part of the spectrum, whereas in eutrophic waters (such as Baltic waters), there is much less of this light. The chromatic acclimation factor gives a relatively good estimate of the concentrations of the major groups of PSP in

ocean waters. But the large estimation errors in Baltic waters may be due to the phycobilin concentration modifying the light field spectrum in the Baltic, which is not taken into account in the analysis. Analysis of the errors resulting from the approximations of the PPC content, depending on the energy characteristics of the underwater irradiance in the short-range part of PAR ( eq. (7)), showed that the relative errors are Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase 1.3 times

higher for Baltic waters than for ocean waters. The logarithmic statistical errors are σ– = 38.4% for Baltic waters and 32.0% for ocean waters. In summary, the problem of the adaptation and acclimation of phytoplankton cells to the irradiance conditions in Case 2 waters, such as those of the Baltic Sea, appears to be more complex than in Case 1 (ocean) waters. Only in the case of certain pigments does the verification of the approximations of their concentrations or the environmentally dependent concentrations of pigment groups give lower estimation errors than those resulting from the approximations found for oceanic waters. This is the situation we are faced with when estimating the total content of chlorophylls c and PPC with respect to the optical depth and the total content of chlorophylls c with respect to chromatic adaptation factors. The spectral fitting function, i.e. the chromatic adaptation factor, approximates the content of the major groups of photosynthetic pigments in ocean waters fairly well.

Similarly, Kahlor and Mackert found that 91% of 567 infertile women surveyed in the United States had relied on OBSGYN as their key source of information [8], while Thewes et al. found that 71% of a sample of 228 young Australian women diagnosed with breast cancer had sought infertility information from OBSGYN [14]. Moreover, in both these studies, OBSGYN were reported to be the most useful and preferred method of gaining infertility information,

as is the case in our study. These results suggest that patient education within infertility consultations is highly valued by women infertility patients in Indonesia, just as it was for infertile women surveyed in Australia and the United States. The main findings in relation IWR1 to patient characteristics (depicted in Table 2 and Table 3) suggest that overall Indonesian infertility patients with higher levels of education were more likely to access information (and from a variety of sources) and were also more likely to have greater knowledge of reproduction and infertility. This mirrors typical patterns of health-information seeking whereby education and income level tend to be associated with better access to health

information [18]. While our study yielded a wide range of information sources accessed by patients, find more parallel studies identified additional sources not represented in our data. For instance, our respondents did not report patient support groups [8] and [14], online Daporinad mw patient health records [15], patient decision making guides or self-education kits as sources of information

[14]. These gaps reflect the reality that such education tools and information sources were not available in Indonesia at the time of research. None of the sample reported contact with infertility nurse educators or infertility counselors who commonly play important roles in infertility patient education in Western contexts. Our data revealed a reliance on several information sources that are not typically present in studies based in Western secular societies. This included accessing religious leaders (4%), traditional birth attendants (3%) and friends (44%) as sources of infertility information. Reliance on these sources is indicative of a strong culture of medical pluralism that supports individuals’ quests for seeking information and solutions to health problems both within and beyond bio-medical health systems. A study by Mostafa et al. in Saudi Arabia, another Muslim majority country, found religious leaders and traditional healers were common sources of infertility information among a sample of 144 infertile couples [16].

Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses. “
“Doente do sexo masculino com 58 anos de idade, admitido no ambulatório de gastroenterologia com história de dor abdominal Akt activity e alterações nos hábitos intestinais durante os últimos 20 dias, associados a náuseas, calafrios e flatulência. Negava vómitos ou febre. Apresentava bom estado geral no exame objetivo, com desconforto à palpação no quadrante inferior direito do abdómen, sem sinais de irritação peritoneal ou massas palpáveis. Os exames laboratoriais gerais foram considerados normais, exceto pela presença de leucocitose, com uma contagem global de 11.600/uL e de hiperglicemia:

140 mg/dL. Submetido ao exame de radiografia e ultrassonografia abdominal que foram considerados normais. Mantido em observação domiciliar, com analgésicos não opioides, foi reavaliado após 48 horas, apresentando-se com manutenção do quadro clínico. Solicitada uma tomografia computadorizada abdominal, que revelou uma massa inflamatória envolvendo o mesentério cólico associado a edema da parede cecal Apitolisib e a uma colonoscopia que evidenciou a mucosa do ceco hiperemiada e congestiva, notando-se o orifício apendicular edemaciado e drenando secreção

purulenta (Figura 1 and Figura 2). A apendicite aguda é uma das mais frequentes doenças de tratamento cirúrgico de urgência cujo diagnóstico é eminentemente clínico, baseado na história natural e no exame físico do doente, entretanto, os exames radiológicos e laboratoriais tem uma participação ativa no auxílio diagnóstico. A faixa etária jovem é a mais acometida, com maior prevalência do sexo masculino. Em algumas situações cuja manifestação clínica é atípica e devido à sua ampla variedade dos diagnósticos diferenciais o emprego da colonoscopia pode ser eventualmente útil1 and 2. Os achados endoscópicos incluem

abaulamento do orifício apendicular, edema da mucosa adjacente, acompanhado da drenagem de secreção purulenta que pode contribuir para uma atenuação do curso clínico3. Os autores declaram Forskolin cost não haver conflito de interesses. “
“A 77-year-old woman was presented to our hospital with a six-month history of heartburn and chest pain. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed several dark flat irregularly delineated areas in the middle third of the esophagus (Fig. 1a and b). Histological examination of these lesions revealed an increased number of pigment-laden dendritic cells in the basal layer of the epithelium, with no cellular atypia that stained positive with Masson-Fontana (Fig. 2), prompting the diagnosis of esophageal melanocytosis. This rare condition is characterized by melanocytic proliferation in the basal layer of esophageal squamous epithelium with an increased deposition of melanin. About 30 cases have been reported so far, the majority of which in Indian and Japanese populations.

bovis BCG and most NTM species. 6 However, the IGRA does not discriminate LTBI from active TB upon diagnosis. 9 Discordant performance of IGRA in NTM patients has been reported; the IGRA holds potential

to differentiate between NTM and M. tb infection in a TB low-incidence setting 10 whereas false positive IGRA in NTM patients was observed due to high prevalence of LTBI in a population with a TB high-incidence. 11 and 12 These reports indicate that IFN-γ assessment, by itself, is not sufficient for differential diagnosis of active TB, LTBI, or NTM diseases, and therefore putative biomarkers for improving diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic effects need to be identified for effective TB control. In this study, we examined a panel of cytokines in patients with active TB or NTM diseases, TB contacts, and normal healthy controls to determine cytokine signatures according Thiazovivin nmr to disease, infection, or treatment state. We hypothesized that individuals with active TB would have different cytokine signatures compared with those with NTM disease or LTBI. In addition, measurement http://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html of multiple cytokines may help identify potential biomarkers not only for differentiating active TB from LTBI or NTM disease, but also for predicting host responses during anti-TB treatment. We aimed to characterize biosignatures as putative

biomarkers, which may be useful at the early phase of diagnosis and for monitoring therapeutic effects even before confirmation of M. tb growth or clearance in culture. Because changes in circulating cytokine or chemokine levels are associated with human diseases, we performed multiplex bead arrays measuring 17 analytes including cytokines, chemokines, and a growth factor in serum, as well as plasma samples that were derived from QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) tests. From November 2010 to December 2013, 86 TB patients (mean age of 32 ranged from 20 to 76, 44 males and 42 females) at diagnosis, and 51 individuals who were recently exposed to Reverse transcriptase TB patients but had no active disease (mean age of 44 ranged from

18 to 82, 13 males and 38 females) were enrolled (Fig. 1). A total of 133 normal healthy individuals (mean age of 31 ranged from 20 to 61, 63 males and 70 females) recruited had no history of contact with TB patients and no symptoms of TB with normal observation on chest X-ray (Fig. 1). Forty-two NTM patients aged 43–84 years at diagnosis (10 males and 32 females) were also enrolled and NTM isolates were confirmed from the 42 patients (Fig. 1). Active pulmonary TB at diagnosis was confirmed by smear/culture of M. tb from sputa or radiological examination. Individuals who had immunosuppressants, or any form of cancer or diabetes, were excluded. Those who had HIV or renal disease were also excluded.

45 (d, 2H, Ar H), 8.34 (d, 2H, Ar H), 8.78 (s, 1H, Ar H), 8.93 (s, 1H, Ar H), 9.08 (s, 1H, Ar H), 9.16 (s, 1H, NH), 9.51 (s, 1H, NH), 10.01 (s, 1H, NH); MS (m/z): (M + 1) calculated 339.12; found 339.18; Dabrafenib calculated for C16H14N6O3: C, 56.80; H, 4.17; N, 24.84; found C, 56.85; H, 4.12; N, 24.90. Ash-colored solid, M.P.: 317–319 °C; yield 73%; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3258 (N H), 3192 (Ar C H), 2936 (Ali C H), 1677 (C O, amide), 1583 (C C), 1891 (C S), 1138 (O C); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 2.05 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.49 (s, 1H, CH), 7.36 (d, 2H, Ar H), 8.54 (d, 2H, Ar H), 8.78 (s, 1H, Ar H), 8.93 (s, 1H, Ar H), 9.08 (s, 1H, Ar H), 9.32 (s, 1H,

NH), 9.76 (s, 1H, NH), 10.18 (s, 1H, NH); MS (m/z): (M + 1) calculated 355.09; found 355.14; calculated for C16H14N6O2S: C, 54.23; H, 3.98; N, 23.71; found C, 54.29; Selleck AG-14699 H, 3.95; N, 23.77. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, from

electric eel), butyl cholinesterase (BuChE, from equine serum), 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent, DTNB), acetylthiocholine chloride (ATC), butylthiocholine chloride (BTC), and hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines derivatives were dissolved in DMSO and diluted in 0.1 M KH2PO4/K2HPO4 buffer (pH 8.0) to provide a final concentration range. DMSO was diluted to a concentration in excess of 1 in 10,000, and no inhibitory action on either AChE or BuChE was detected in separate prior experiments. All the assays were carried out under 0.1 M KH2PO4/K2HPO4 buffers, pH 8.0, using a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer. Enzyme solutions were prepared to give 2.0 units/ml in 2 ml aliquots. The assay medium (1 ml) consisted of phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 50 μl of 0.01 M DTNB, 10 μl of enzyme, and 50 μl of 0.01 M substrate (ACh chloride solution). Test compounds were added to the assay solution and preincubated at 37 °C

with the enzyme for 15 min followed by the addition of substrate. The activity was determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 412 nm at 1 min intervals at 37 °C. Calculations were performed according to the method of the equation in Ellman’s method [28]. Each concentration was assayed in triplicate. In vitro BuChE assay was similar to the method Oxalosuccinic acid used for AChE. A series of 12 novel pyrazinamide condensed 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines of biological interest were synthesized and evaluated for acetyl and butyl cholinesterase inhibitor activity, all the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis of their structures. Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrimidines by adopting the Biginelli synthetic protocol [29] involving one pot multicomponent reaction was performed by following steps as outlined in Fig. 1. In the first step, ethyl acetoacetate 2 and pyrazinamide 1 in presence 10 ml of glacial acetic acid reacted under neat conditions resulting in the formation of N-(3-oxobutanoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide 3 with the yield of 74%.

17 The stem cell niches of skin epithelium are located in the basal layer and in the bulge region of the hair follicle.10 and 18 The basal layer stem cells contribute to renewal this website of the epidermis in physiological turnover and injury. The stem cells from the bulge region are activated

upon wounding, and can contribute to epidermal renewal but also to the hair bulb and the sebaceous glands.3 and 19 So far, little data are available on stem cells niches in the oral mucosa. Isolated small cells from human mucosa keratinocyte cultures are considered as oral keratinocyte progenitors or stem cells.20 These cells are able to generate a stratified epithelium on a suitable substrate.20 A large number of (neural) stem cell niches have been described in superficial neural endings in the palatal mucoperiosteum of rats BGB324 research buy and humans.21 Multipotent stem cells have recently been identified in the human and rat lamina propria of the oral mucosa.

These cells can differentiate into mesodermal, endodermal and ectodermal lineages in vitro. 22, 23 and 24 Strikingly, these stem cells can also differentiate into tumours consisting of two germ layer-derived cell types (muscle, cartilage, and neural tissue) in mice. 22 Little is known about the recruitment of BMDCs to oral mucosa. There are indications that BMDCs contribute to normal tissue turnover, and are able to differentiate into buccal keratinocytes.25 No studies are available on the contribution of BMDCs to the wounded mucoperiosteum. Since the wounded oral mucosa heals more rapidly than skin, we hypothesized that BMDCs are more efficiently recruited to mucoperiosteal wounds than to skin wounds. To test this hypothesis, bone marrow was labelled by performing a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats to irradiated wild-type

animals. Subsequently, we compared the contribution Abiraterone cost of BMDCs to standardized full-thickness wounds in the rat mucoperiosteum and skin at two weeks after wounding. This time point was chosen because of the relevance for remodelling and scarring. Fifteen GFP-transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats of six to twelve weeks old (provided by Dr. M. Okabe and Dr. T. Suzuki, Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan) were obtained, of which eight were used as donors for the bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Fifteen wild-type Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier, Le Genest, France) were used as recipients. The latter rats were six to eight weeks old at the start of the experiment and kept under sterile housing conditions with free access to food and water. The Board for Animal Experiments of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre has approved these experiments (RU-DEC 2005-104 and RU-DEC 2008-051). The palatal wounds (10 rats) and the skin wounds (5 rats) were made in different animals to avoid mutual interferences. The recipient rats received two doses of 5 Gy total body irradiation from an X-ray source, with an interval of 18 h.

In this study we calculated profiles of vertical sea spray fluxes in the near-water layer on the basis of the averaged vertical concentration and the Monin-Obukhov theory. Using these fluxes we calculated the Sea Salt Generation Function (SSGF) over the Baltic Sea. This function provides www.selleckchem.com/products/byl719.html information on the emission of particles of different sizes, depending on environmental parameters. Data were collected during fourteen measurement days over the period between 2008 and

2012. Figure 1 shows the location of the measurement stations. A CSASP-100-HV laser particle counter was used to measure vertical aerosol concentrations (Petelski 2005). A detailed description of the CSASP-100-HV probe is given by Zieliński (2004). The measurements were made at five elevations: 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20 m above sea level, with a single measurement at each level lasting 2 minutes. The vertical aerosol concentration gradient was obtained from a minimum of 4 measurement series. Thus each result consists of a 1 hour series with an average sampling time at each elevation of 8 minutes. This gives 40 minutes of sampling; the other 20 minutes were lost on moving the probe from one level to another. With regard

to the vertical wind speed spectrum one sees that the magnitude of the turbulent flux is not very sensitive to the averaging time in ranges from a few to several dozen minutes (Van der Hoven 1957). Using the van der Hoven data one can deduce that the optimal averaging time is 67 minutes (Leihtman 1970). Using a shorter than optimal time, it causes a maximum error of 20% in the flux calculation. AZD2281 in vivo Based on the average Fossariinae vertical

aerosol concentration profiles, the vertical aerosol fluxes in the boundary layer can be calculated using the Monin-Obukhov (M-O) theory (1953). A comprehensive methodology for such calculations has been presented by Petelski (2003). To calculate the aerosol flux based on the M-O theory, we assumed that the particle concentration is a scalar property of the air. On this basis, for our range of aerosol sizes (0.5–8 μm) under the condition of horizontal uniformity, the vertical flux is equal to the emission from the sea surface. One can fully describe horizontal uniformity by using such parameters as momentum flux τ (expressed in [kg ms−2]), sensible heat flux Q [W m−2] and buoyancy parameter β = g/T (g is the acceleration due to gravity ≈ 9.81 [m s−2], T is the air temperature [K]). These parameters make it possible to define the following scales: Velocity (friction velocity): u* = (τ/ρ)1/2, Temperature: T* = –Q/κu* and Length: L = –u3/κβQ (ρ is the density of the air ≈1.29 [kg m−3], k = 0.4 is the dimensionless von Kármán constant). The scale of the particle concentration [1/m3] is defined as: equation(1) N*=FN/u*,N*=FN/u*,where FN is the aerosol flux, defined as particle emission by the surface in time [1/m2 s].

21 Steroid therapy for TEN is reported as both controversial and no longer recommended; if used, it should be CHIR-99021 in vivo within the first 48 hours of treatment because of the increased risk

of septic complications with an anti-inflammatory agent. Strict control of blood glucose levels is needed for patients with history of diabetes or on corticosteroids.22 For patients with extensive skin involvement, supportive care in an acute burn or intensive care unit is recommended for life support measures, pain management, and prevention of infection.23 Mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation with IV fluids or Ringer’s solution for electrolyte balance, anticoagulation with heparin to prevent thromboembolism, and supplemental nutrition via a nasogastric tube may be needed in severe cases.2 and 12 Antibiotic therapy RG7422 is not prophylactic but dependent on clinical symptoms, including positive skin cultures, sudden drop in temperature, or deterioration of

patient’s medical condition.2 In order to prevent caloric loss and an increase in metabolic rate, a room temperature of 30 °C to 32 °C is also recommended.2 Clinical studies on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for patients with SJS and TEN have shown mixed results. Successful treatment appears to be dose dependent (1 g/kg/day for 3 days with a total of 3 g/kg over 3 consecutive days), with early treatment recommended.24 Other medications that have been studied and found beneficial include IV infliximab, cyclosporine, and IV N-acetylcysteine.12 Acyclovir has been suggested for herpetic lesions in the

oral cavity.8 For severe cases involving loss of epidermis, wound management goals are to prevent fluid loss, prevent infection, and facilitate reepithelialization. Although patients with SJS and TEN are best treated in an acute burn center, there are some definite differences in their clinical presentation that affect treatment. For example, SJS and TEN epidermal involvement may continue to spread after admission; subcutaneous necrosis is deeper in burns, thereby creating subcutaneous edema that is not observed in SJS and TEN; fluid requirements for SJS and clonidine TEN are usually two-thirds to three-fourths those of burn patients with the same area involvement; and reepithelialization is usually faster in SJS and TEN because of more sparing of the hair follicles in the dermal layer.2 Skin lesions can be expected to heal in an average of 15 days; oral and pharyngeal lesions may take approximately 4 weeks longer.24 Debridement of detached epidermal tissue is controversial and usually not advisable in patients who have a positive Nikolsky sign.2 Collagen sheet dressings,13 Biobrane (Dow B. Hickam, Inc, Sugarland, TX, USA),8 and other occlusive nonadhesive wound coverings that prevent fluid loss and minimize pain with dressing changes have been recommended.

Sea ice data downloaded from the AARI site (http://www.aari.ru) and integrated into the MMBI database were used for calculating the ice anomalies. The ice anomalies of the Sea of Azov were estimated using SSC RAS data collected during winter expeditions in 2005–2012 on board the research vessels ‘Professor Panov’, ‘Deneb’, the icebreaker ‘Captain Demidov’ and other vessels. The anomalous situation in January–February 2012 was caused by the Siberian High spreading to central and southern Europe (as far as the English Channel and Portugal) and the anomalous advection of Atlantic waters on to the Siberian shelf (Figure 1). The trajectories of Atlantic

cyclones deviated northwards, forming a warm air anomaly in the Nordic, Barents and Kara Seas. The intensification of the westerly atmospheric transfer to Baf-A1 in vivo high latitudes caused the air and sea surface temperatures to increase, ice formation processes to slow down and the ice edge to retreat towards the north-east. Cold air masses from Siberia and central Asia extended to southern Europe and the Mediterranean far to the south of the Voeikov axis in the anticyclonic pressure field. The blocking situation began to form in the middle of January 2012. An anticyclone centred above the northern Urals had spread to the European part of Russia by

20 January, and to Karelia and GSK1120212 price Finland by the end of that month. At the same time, the surface pressure in the centre of the anticyclone increased and approached record levels: up to 1055 mb on 27 January and up to 1060 mb from 31 January to 4 February. By this time a homogeneous zone of high pressure was covering the whole area of European PDK4 Russia. The ridge of high pressure

above southern and central Europe had stabilised, and the trajectories of cyclones were diverted far to the north and south of the usual directions (Figure 3). After 5 February the homogeneity of the high pressure zone was broken up by a pressure trough, which spread from central Europe to the White Sea. At the same time the high pressure ridge remained above Scandinavia and the British Isles until 12 February. On 13–14 February it shifted to central Europe, and after 15 February the intrusion of a deep cyclone from the north destroyed the blocking situation completely. Thus, that situation lasted for about 30 days. In southern Europe during the first days of the above-mentioned period the high pressure ridge spread from the stationary anticyclone along the Mediterranean Sea. The western transfer remained above central Europe. After the passage of the cyclone from Iceland to the south of the Barents Sea and its filling on January 23, the anticyclonic branch occupied eastern and central Europe. Cyclonic activity resumed in this region only on 15 February.