However, the OPEN group had more patients with atherosclerosis (74.5% vs 67.4%; P = .0003) as the etiology of carotid artery disease. The OPEN group also had a higher prevalence of preprocedural stroke (25.8% vs 21.4%; P = .0079), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 21.0% vs 17.6%; P = .0277), cardiac arrhythmia (14.7% vs 11.4%; P = .0108), valvular SBC-115076 concentration heart disease (7.4% vs 3.7%; P < .0001), peripheral vascular disease (PVD; 40.0% vs 35.3%; P = .0109), and smoking history (59.0% vs 54.1%; P = .0085). There are no statistically

significant differences in the in-hospital or 30-day outcomes between the OPEN and CLOSED patients. Further subgroup analyses demonstrated symptomatic patients had a higher event rate than the asymptomatic cohort in both the OPEN and CLOSED groups. Among symptomatic patients, the OPEN patients had a lower (0.43% vs selleckchem 1.41%; P = .0349) rate of in-hospital mortality with no difference in stroke

or transient ischemic attack (TIA). There were no differences in 30-day event rates. In asymptomatic patients, there were also no statistically significant differences between the OPEN and CLOSED groups. After risk adjustment, there remained no statistically significant differences between groups of the primary endpoint (death/stroke/MI) during in-hospital or 30 days.

Conclusion: In-hospital and 30-day outcomes after CAS were not significantly influenced by stent cell design. Symptomatic patients had higher adverse event rates compared to

the asymptomatic cohort. As there is no current evidence of differential outcome between the use of open and closed cell stents, physicians should continue to use approved stent platforms based on criteria other than stent cell design. (J Vasc Surg 2011;54:71-9.)”
“This study was designed to investigate whether delta opioid receptor (DOR) is involved in the neuroprotective effect induced by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) in the asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) rat model. Twenty-four hours after the end of 7-day HPC, the rats were subjected to 8-min asphyxiation and resuscitated with a standardized method. In the asphyxial CA rat model, HPC improved the neurological deficit score (NDS), inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and increased the number of viable hippocampal CA1 neurons at 24 h, 72 click here h, or 7 days after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); however, the above-mentioned neuroprotection of HPC was attenuated by naltrindole (a selective DOR antagonist). The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and DOR, and the content of leucine enkephalin (L-ENK) in the brain were also investigated after the end of 7-day HPC. HPC upregulated the neuronal expression of HIF-1 alpha and DOR, and synchronously elevated the content of L-ENK in the rat brain. HIF-1 alpha siRNA was used to further elucidate the relationship between HIF-1 alpha and DOR in the HPC-treated brain.

During mining processes various toxic wastes are produced and released into the surrounding environment, resulting in contamination of air, drinking water, rivers, plants, and soils. In a geochemical sampling campaign undertaken in the Panasqueira Mine area of central Portugal, an anomalous distribution of several metals and arsenic (As) was identified in various environmental

media. Several potentially harmful elements, including As, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Dactolisib order and selenium (Se), were quantified in blood, urine, hair, and nails (toe and finger) from a group of individuals living near the Panasqueira Mine who were environmentally and occupationally exposed. A group with similar demographic characteristics without known exposure to mining activities was also compared. Genotoxicity was evaluated by means of T-cell receptor (TCR) mutation assay, and percentages of different lymphocyte subsets were selected as immunotoxicity biomarkers. Inductively coupled plasma-mass

spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis showed elevated levels this website of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Pb in all biological samples taken from populations living close to the mine compared to controls. Genotoxic and immunotoxic differences were also observed. The results provide evidence of an elevated potential risk to the health of populations, with environmental and occupational exposures resulting from mining activities. Further, the results emphasize the need to implement preventive measures, remediation, and rehabilitation of plans for the region.”
“Clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is leading to optimization of procedures for ex vivo expansion. Endogenous growth factors and fibrin scaffolds can be used to support MSC expansion and transplantation. Cell growth on a fibrin scaffold mimics the 3D environment of tissue and facilitates handling and subsequent transplantation. This approach is presented as an essential toolbox in

the substitution of fetal bovine serum in all large-scale ex vivo processes, providing quick and safe expansion of MSCs. This paper reviews the state of the art of platelet-rich plasma technology applied to clinical use of stem cells, focusing on current technology and methods, new challenges, and controversies.”
“BACKGROUND: Obtaining a watertight reconstruction with a fat graft with wide sellar exposures can be challenging, including the risk of reinstating mass effect with the fat graft. The alternative, a vascularized pedicle nasoseptal flap, may require several days to heal and still has a > 5% cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rate.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a barrier-limited multimodality (BLMM) closure, consisting of an autograft fat-based watertight seal and limited by a membrane barrier, together with the vascularized nasoseptal flap.

Furthermore, this coupling was modulated by whether patients imagined movements of their affected or unaffected hand. Together, these results suggest that the reduced

see more motor responsitivity observed in CP may be linked to altered dorsolateral prefrontal-motor connectivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In this report the basis for the structural architecture of the envelope of hantaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, is systematically studied by the interactions of two glycoproteins N and C (Gn and Gc, respectively) and their respective disulfide bridge-mediated homo-and heteromeric oligomerizations. In virion extracts Gn and Gc associated in both homo-and hetero-oligomers which were, at least partially, thiol bridge

mediated. Due to strong homo-oligomerization, the hetero-oligomers of Gn and Gc are likely to be mediated by homo-oligomeric subunits. A reversible pH-induced disappearance of a neutralizing epitope in Gc and dissociation of the Gn-Gc complex at pH values below 6.2 provide proteochemical evidence for the fusogenicity of Gc. Incomplete inactivation of virions at acidic pH indicates that additional factors are required for hantavirus fusion, as in PKC inhibitor the case of pestiviruses of the Flaviviridae. Based on similarities to class II fusion proteins, a structure model was created of hantavirus Gc using the Semliki Forest virus E1 protein as a template. In total, 10 binding regions for Gn were found by peptide scanning, of which five represent homotypic (Gn(I) to Gn(V)) and five represent heterotypic (Gc(I) to Gc(V)) interaction

sites that we assign as intra-and interspike connections, respectively. In conclusion, the glycoprotein associations were compiled to a model wherein the surface of hantaviruses is formed of homotetrameric Gn complexes interconnected with Gc homodimers. This organization would create the grid-like surface pattern described Flucloronide earlier for hantaviruses in negatively stained electron microscopy specimens.”
“As we learn new information about the social and moral behaviors of other people, we form and update character judgments of them, and this can profoundly influence how we regard and act towards others. In the study reported here, we capitalized on two interesting neurological patient populations where this process of complex “”moral updating”" may go awry: patients with bilateral damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and patients with bilateral damage to hippocampus (HC). We predicted that vmPFC patients, who have impaired emotion processing, would exhibit reduced moral updating, and we also investigated how moral updating might be affected by severe declarative memory impairment in HC patients.

All rights reserved.”
“Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes acute lung injury (ALI) that often leads to severe lung disease. A mouse model of acute SARS-CoV infection has been helpful in understanding the host response to infection; however, there are still unanswered questions concerning SARS-CoV pathogenesis. We have shown that STAT1 plays an important role in the severity of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and that it is independent of the role of STAT1 in interferon signaling. Mice lacking STAT1 have greater weight loss, severe lung pathology with pre-pulmonary-fibrosis-like lesions, and an altered Selleckchem Batimastat immune response following infection with SARS-CoV. We hypothesized that STAT1 plays a role in the polarization of the immune response, specifically in macrophages,

resulting in a worsened outcome. To test this, we created bone marrow chimeras and cell-type-specific knockouts of STAT1 to identify which cell type(s) is critical to protection from severe lung disease after SARS-CoV infection. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that hematopoietic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis in STAT1(-/-) mice, and because of an induction of alternatively activated (AA) macrophages after infection, we hypothesized that the AA macrophages were critical for disease severity. Mice with STAT1 in either monocytes and macrophages (LysM/STAT1) or ciliated lung epithelial cells (FoxJ1/STAT1) deleted were created. Following infection, LysM/STAT1 mice buy XAV-939 display severe lung pathology, while FoxJ1/STAT1 mice display normal lung pathology. We hypothesized that AA macrophages were responsible for this STAT1-dependent pathology and therefore created STAT1/STAT6(-/-) double-knockout mice. STAT6 is essential for the development of AA macrophages. Infection of the double-knockout mice displayed a lack of lung disease and prefibrotic lesions, suggesting that AA macrophage production may be the cause of STAT1-dependent lung disease. We propose that the control of AA macrophages by STAT1 is critical to regulating immune pathologies and for protection from long-term progression to

fibrotic lung disease in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection.”
“Previous studies examining the P300-based concealed information test typically tested for mock Domperidone crime or autobiographical details, but no studies have used this test in a counterterrorism scenario. Subjects in the present study covertly planned a mock terrorist attack on a major city. They were then given three separate blocks of concealed information testing, examining for knowledge of the location, method, and date of the planned terrorist attack, using the Complex Trial Protocol (Rosenfeld et al., 2008). With prior knowledge of the probe items, we detected 12/12 guilty subjects as having knowledge of the planned terrorist attack with no false positives among 12 innocent subjects.

Results: Twenty-three studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Preoperative

QOL in AAA patients has been previously suggested as being worse than that of the general population, that OR patients have a worse QOL in the early postoperative period, and that EVAR patients have a worse QOL in the longer term. None of these assertions is uniformly Selleck Citarinostat supported in the literature. From the existing evidence, no clear conclusions can be drawn about the relative QOL benefits of OR vs EVAR.

Conclusions: There are a paucity of good-quality data relating to health status and QOL in patients undergoing AAA repair. Little is known about the prevalence of preoperative or postoperative symptoms and the degree to which these influence patient well-being. Further investigation is needed to clarify health status and QOL changes in these patients and allow clinicians to make targeted improvements in practice. (J Vasc Surg 2012;56:520-7.)”
“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food Pevonedistat for half of the world. Its productivity and agronomical practices, especially for nitrogen supplementation, is governed by the nitrogen efficiency (NE) of the genotypes.

We analyzed 16 popular cultivated Indian varieties of wheat for their NE and variability estimates using a set of 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, derived from each wheat chromosome. These genotypes were categorized into three groups, viz., low, moderate, and high nitrogen efficient. Of these 16 genotypes, we have reported six, eight, and two genotypes in high, moderate, and low NE categories, respectively. The differential NE in these genotypes was supported by nitrogen uptake and assimilation parameters. The values of average polymorphic information content and marker index for these SSR markers were estimated to be 0.32 and 0.59, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficient for all possible pairs of varieties ifoxetine ranged from 0.41 to 0.76, indicating the presence of considerable range of genetic diversity at molecular level. The dendrogram prepared on the basis of unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average algorithm grouped the 16 wheat varieties into three major clusters. The clustering

was strongly supported by high bootstrap values. The distribution of the varieties in different clusters and subclusters appeared to be related to their variability in NE parameter that was scored. Genetically diverse parents were identified that could potentially be used for their desirable characteristics in breeding programs for improvement of NE in wheat.”
“The past decade has seen the beginning of a revolution in the way in which surgeons learn their craft. As technology has become increasingly sophisticated, and care more accountable, traditional methods of skill acquisition are no longer optimal as sole training modalities. Against this backdrop, there has been a shift toward competency-based training programs reflecting the growing emphasis on outcomes-based medical education.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“When healthy observers make a saccade that is erroneously directed toward a distracter stimulus, they often produce a corrective saccade within 100 ms after the end of the primary saccade. Such short inter-saccadic intervals indicate that programming of the secondary saccade has been initiated prior to the execution of the primary saccade and hence that the two saccades have been programmed concurrently. Here we show that concurrent saccade programming is bilaterally impaired in left spatial neglect, a strongly lateralized disorder

of visual attention resulting from extensive right cerebral selleckchem damage. Neglect patients were asked to make saccades to targets presented left or right of fixation while disregarding a distracter presented in the opposite hemifield. We examined those experimental trials on which participants first made a saccade to the distracter, followed by a secondary (corrective) saccade to the target. Compared to healthy and right-hemisphere damaged control

C188-9 solubility dmso participants the proportion of secondary saccades directing gaze to the target instead of bringing it even closer to the distracter was bilaterally reduced in neglect patients. In addition, the characteristic reduction of secondary saccade latency observed in both control groups was absent in neglect patients, whether the secondary saccade was directed to the click here left or right hemifield. This pattern is consistent with a severe, bilateral impairment of concurrent saccade programming in left spatial neglect. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) show marked impairments in their ability to generate self-initiated, or “”voluntary”", saccadic eye movements. Investigations of visually guided,

or “”reflexive”", saccades have, on the other hand, produced inconclusive results with studies showing response times (RTs) in persons with PD that are slower, faster, or indistinguishable from those of controls. We performed a meta-analysis to establish whether there are consistent effects of PD on the metrics of visually guided saccades. Combining results across 47 studies we found that reflexive saccades are overall initiated more slowly in persons with PD than in controls, however, this analysis also revealed considerable heterogeneity across studies. Step-wise meta-regression, using eleven potential predictors, subsequently showed that differences in mean RT between controls and persons with PD may arise due to aspects of experimental design. In particular, mean target eccentricity was shown to impact substantially on RTs such that persons with PD predictably initiate saccades faster than controls at small target eccentricities, while responding more slowly for large target eccentricities.

The mechanism of the conversion that

IAPP undergoes from soluble to fibrillar forms has been unclear. By chaperoning IAPP through fusion to maltose binding protein, we find that IAPP can adopt a a-helical structure at residues 8-18 and 22-27 and that molecules of IAPP dimerize. Mutational analysis suggests that this dimerization is on the pathway to fibrillation. The structure suggests how IAPP may heterodimerize with insulin, which we confirmed by protein crosslinking. Taken together, these experiments suggest the helical dimerization of IAPP accelerates fibril formation and that insulin impedes fibrillation by blocking the IAPP dimerization Blasticidin S chemical structure interface.”
“Purpose: We compared artificial urinary sphincter complication rates, overall reoperative rates, and continence results in virgin cases, revision cases and secondary reimplant cases (with prior erosion or infection).

Materials and Methods: Only male patients with post-prostatectomy stress selleck chemical incontinence with AMS 800 (TM) placement in the bulbar urethra by a single surgeon were included in the study. A total of 169 virgin cases (no prior artificial urinary sphincter surgery), 37 revision cases (eg cuff revision for urethral atrophy, revision of failed components) and 21 secondary reimplant cases

(eg after prior explant from urethral erosion or infection) were compared.

Results: Secondary artificial urinary sphincter reimplant cases (eg after prior explant from urethral erosion or infection) had fourfold higher future erosion rates compared to virgin cases (p = 0.02, 14.3% vs 3.6%, RR 4.02). In addition, there was no difference in the rates of other complications (device infection, urethral atrophy, mechanical failure, leaks), overall reoperation rates and postoperative continence outcomes (measured by daily pad use) compared

to virgin cases. Artificial urinary sphincter revision cases did not have higher complication rates (including subsequent urethral erosion), reoperation rates or worse postoperative PLEK2 continence outcomes compared to virgin cases. Although the difference was not statistically significant, a trend toward higher future device leak rates (10.8% vs 3.6%, RR 3.05, p = 0.063) and higher urethral atrophy rates (16.2% vs 8.9%, RR 1.83, p = 0.18) was noted in artificial urinary sphincter revision cases compared to virgin implant cases.

Conclusions: Patients with a history of artificial urinary sphincter explant have a fourfold increased risk of future cuff erosion. Nevertheless, a good functional outcome with an acceptable complication rate may be achieved in most complex reoperative artificial urinary sphincter cases.”
“Alpha-synuclein (alpha S) is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease.

The personality construct of alexithymia refers to difficulties in emotional self-regulation and contributes as a risk factor to several mental disorders. Alexithymic individuals show an impoverished selleckchem conscious experience of emotions but an intact autonomic emotional response. Persons with high alexithymia scores reportedly show a reduced activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during the processing of emotional stimuli. An interaction between two polymorphisms on the BDNF and DRD2/ANKK1 gene has been recently associated with reduced gray matter volume in the ACC and higher trait anxiety.

Methods: We conducted a genetic association study. A total of 664 healthy participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale questionnaire and were genotyped for the BDNF Val66Met (rs6265) and the DRD2/ANKK1 Taq IA (rs1800497) polymorphisms. Results: Carriers of at least one BDNF 66Met and one DRD2/ANKK1 A1 allele

showed the highest scores in the total Toronto Alexithymia Scale and in the subscale “”Difficulties Identifying Feelings.”" Conclusion: In line with recent studies investigating the role of BDNF Val66Met and DRD2/ANKK1 Taq IA polymorphisms on anxiety and gray matter volume in the ACC, our findings provide the first evidence for a genetic contribution to alexithymia.”
“The glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is crucial for ureteric bud morphogenesis, spermatogenesis, and development of the enteric nervous system and is a potent Selleck Forskolin survival factor for various neuronal this website populations. However, the impact of GDNF, at least on cell survival, was found to depend strongly on the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF-). In this study, we investigate the role of TGF- in GDNF-induced neuronal differentiation. In a cell culture paradigm of N2aGT cells (neuroblastoma cell line), we show that TGF- signaling localizes the GDNF ligand-binding

receptor GFRa1 to the cell surface, which is a known mechanism by which TGF- is able to facilitate GDNF signaling. TGF–mediated GDNF signaling slightly elevated the phosphorylation state of Ret, the canonical coreceptor for the GPI-linked (glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol) GFRa1. On the basis of morphological as well as immunocytological data, we finally show that GDNF-mediated neuronal differentiation is intensified when GDNF and TGF- act in concert.”
“Bacterial meningitis kills or maims about a fifth of people with the disease. Early antibiotic treatment improves outcomes, but the effectiveness of widely available antibiotics is threatened by global emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. New antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, could have a role in these circumstances, but clinical data to support this notion are scarce.

However, an analysis of efficacy by drinking level revealed that the combination was superior to topiramate alone in heavy-drinking P rats, but was without effect in lighter-drinking P rats and Wistar rats. Both topiramate alone and the combination blocked the alcohol deprivation effect in both Wistar and P rats with the combination tending to produce a greater decrease than topiramate alone.

The combination of ondansetron and topiramate may be a promising treatment for preventing relapse and for treating alcohol dependence in heavy-, but not lighter-drinkers.”
“Subchronic administration to rodents of the N-methyl-d-aspartate non-competitive antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), impairs

novel object recognition (NOR). Atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) reverse the effects of subchronic PCP on NOR. The effect of metabotropic glutamate(2/3) receptor (mGlu(2/3)) find more agonists upon NOR is unknown.

We tested the hypotheses that the mGlu(2/3) agonist, LY379268, by itself, or in combination

with APDs or pimavanserin, a 5-HT2A inverse agonist, would reverse the deficit in NOR induced by subchronic treatment with PCP (2 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 7 days).

The mGlu(2/3) agonist LY379268 (1 or 3 mg/kg) did not attenuate PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 manufacturer the PCP-induced NOR deficit. However, together with sub-effective dose of the atypical APDs, clozapine (0.1 mg/kg) or lurasidone (0.03 mg/kg), but not the typical APD, haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), or pimavanserin (3 mg/kg), LY379268, 1 mg/kg, significantly reversed the PCP-induced NOR deficit. Moreover, the effect of clozapine was blocked by the mGlu(2/3) antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg).

These results indicate that mGlu(2/3) agonism can potentiate the ability of atypical, but not typical APDs, to ameliorate the effect of subchronic PCP on NOR, that mGlu(2/3) agonism may contribute to the ability of atypical APDs these to acutely reverse the effect of subchronic PCP on NOR, but that by itself, mGlu(2/3) agonism, is ineffective in this model of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. These results suggest that mGlu(2/3) receptor agonism should be investigated as an adjunctive treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia

rather than as monotherapy, which may be effective for control of psychosis, but not for cognitive impairment.”
“The effects of d-cycloserine (DCS) in animal models of anxiety disorders and addiction indicate a role for N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in extinction learning. Exposure/response prevention treatments for anxiety disorders in humans are enhanced by DCS, suggesting a promising co-therapy regime, mediated by NMDA receptors. Exposure/response prevention may also be effective in problematic drinkers, and DCS might enhance habituation to cues in these individuals. Since heavy drinkers show ostensible conditioned responses to alcohol cues, habituation following exposure/response prevention should be evident in these drinkers, with DCS enhancing this effect.

93 nmol/h/mg. This is the first report of a heterologous co-expression system in which a plasmodial chaperone is harnessed for the improved production and purification of a plasmodial target protein. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The innate immune system is responsible for recognizing invading pathogens and initiating a protective response. In particular, the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 protein (RIG-I) participates in the recognition of single-and double-stranded RNA viruses. RIG-I activation leads to the production of an appropriate cytokine and chemokine cocktail that stimulates an antiviral state and

drives the adaptive immune system toward Acalabrutinib clinical trial an efficient and specific response against the ongoing infection. One of the best-characterized natural RIG-I agonists is the defective interfering (DI) RNA produced by Sendai virus strain Cantell. This 546-nucleotide RNA is a well-known activator of the innate immune system and an extremely potent inducer of type I interferon. We designed an in vitro-transcribed RNA that retains the type I interferon stimulatory properties, and the RIG-I affinity of the Sendai virus produced DI RNA both in vitro and in vivo. This in vitro-synthesized RNA is capable of

enhancing the production of anti-influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-specific IgG after intramuscular or intranasal coadministration with Ilomastat datasheet inactivated H1N1 2009 pandemic vaccine. Furthermore, our adjuvant is equally effective at increasing the efficiency of an influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus inactivated vaccine as a poly(I.C)- or a squalene-based adjuvant. Our in vitro-transcribed

DI RNA represents an excellent tool for the study of RIG-I agonists as vaccine adjuvants and a starting point in the development of such a vaccine.”
“The cold-active lipase gene Lip-948, cloned from Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. G, was ligated into plasmid pColdI. The recombinant plasmid pColdI + Lip-948 was then transformed into Escherichia coil BL21. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that there was substantive expression of lipase LIP-948 in E. coli with a dipyridamole yield of about 39% of total protein, most of which was present in the inclusion body. The soluble protein LIP-948 only consisted of 1.7% of total LIP-948 with a specific activity of 66.51 U/mg. Co-expression of molecular chaperones with the pColdI + Lip-948 were also carried out. The results showed that co-expression of different chaperones led to an increase or decrease in the formation of soluble LIP-948 in varying degrees. Co-expression of pColdI + Lip-948 with chaperone pTf16 and pGro7 decreased the amount of soluble LIP-948, while the soluble expression was enhanced when pColdI + Lip-948 was co-expressed with “”chaperone team”" plasmids (pKJE7, pG-Tf2, pG-KJE8), respectively. LIP-948 was most efficiently expressed in soluble form when it was co-expressed with pG-KJE8, which was up to 19.