PD may play an important role in decreasing the level of halitosis in ESRD patients. Perit Dial Int 2011; 31: 168- 172 BI 6727 research buy www. PDIConnect.com epub ahead of print: 25 Mar 2010 doi:10.3747/pdi. 2009.00089″
“BACKGROUND: The global target for tuberculosis (TB) control set by the Millennium Development Goals is a decrease in TB incidence by 2015. Direct measurement

of country-level TB incidence using population-based methods is impractical, emphasising the need for well-performing surveillance systems and, where these are not available, accurate quantification of incidence and under-reporting of TB.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate TB incidence and TB under-reporting in Iraq in 2011.

METHODS: Prospective longitudinal surveillance was established among all eligible public and private non-National TB Programme (NTP) providers in a random sample of eight of the 18 Iraqi governorates from May to July 2011. Record linkage with the NTP and three-source capture-recapture analysis of data were then conducted using log-linear modelling.

RESULTS: A total of 1985 TB cases were identified after record linkage. The NTP registered 1677 patients (observed completeness 84%). The CCI-779 cost estimated total number of TB cases was 2460 (95%CI 2381-2553), with identified TB cases representing 81% (95%CI

69-89) after adjusting for sampling design. The estimated ratio of notified to incident cases was 69% (95%CI 58-76).

CONCLUSIONS: We estimate 14 500 TB cases in Iraq in 2011, of which 31% (95%CI 24-42) were unreported. TB surveillance needs to be strengthened to reduce under-reporting.”
“ZnO film, with urea as nitrogen source to dope its p-type, is deposited by pulsed laser on n-type (100) Si substrate to PR-171 mw fabricate p-ZnO/n-Si heterojunctions. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the heterojunction have been studied in the temperature range 140-300 K. The turn on voltage decreased with increasing temperature while the breakdown voltage is increased slightly. The forward current is greatly increased with increasing temperature, while the reverse

current is increased nominally. Both the decrease in barrier height and the increase in ideality factor with decrease in temperature are indicative of deviation from the pure thermionic emission-diffusion mechanism. The ln(I-0) versus 1/kT plot exhibits the linear portion corresponding to an activation energy of 0.07 eV. Temperature-dependent forward current measurements suggest that trap-assisted multistep tunneling is the dominant carrier transport mechanism in this heterojunction. C-V analysis indicates an abrupt interface and band bending of 0.96 V in silicon. Heterojunction band diagram for p-ZnO/n-Si is proposed. The hysteresis in the high frequency capacitance voltage (C-V) curve indicates the presence of trapped charges at the interface.

These labels range from dye molecules to nanomaterials. We also discuss the general design of signal-transduction mechanisms. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a popular tool

used to evaluate the environmental performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. Although reviews of LCAs of MSW have been undertaken to assess the validity of the ‘waste hierarchy,’ a recent review of the goal, scope and results of LCAs of mixed-material MSW management systems has yet to be performed. This paper is a comparative analysis of 20 process-based LCAs of MSW published between 2002 and 2008 in a total of 11 English-language peer-reviewed journals. It quantifies the methodological transparency of the studies and the frequency BTSA1 of use of particular system boundaries, types of data sources, environmental impact categories, impact weightings, economic valuations, sensitivity analyses, and LCA computer models. Net energy use (NEU). global warming potential (GWP), and acidification potential (AP) values for various types of MSW management systems are also compared using statistical indicators.

The reviewed LCAs differ substantially

in their system boundaries. Half or more of the LCAs either do not mention or are unclear in whether or not life cycle emissions from energy inputs or capital equipment are included in the calculation of results. Only four impact categories are common to more than half of the reviewed LCAs. The human and Fer-1 in vitro ecological toxicity Pevonedistat datasheet impact categories are much less common than global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication.

A financial life cycle costing is present in eight of the reviewed LCAs, while an economic valuation of the environmental impacts is observed in five. Explicit sensitivity analyses are present in 4/20 of the studies, although many more LCAs evaluate the effects of varying model parameters by increasing the number of waste management scenarios. There is no consensus on whether or not to use the marginal or average source of electricity in

calculating environmental impacts. Eight out of the 20 do not mention this source while the remaining LCAs are evenly split between the marginal and average electricity source. One quarter of the reviewed LCAs supply weighted results for the overall environmental performance of MSW management scenarios. All but one of these concurred with the ‘hierarchy of waste’ that the environmental performance of landfilling is lower than that of all the other treatment methods, and that thermal treatments are inferior to recycling.

The comparative analyses of the NEU, GWP and AP results are based on 37, 45, and 42 MSW management scenarios, respectively. As measures of statistical dispersion, the interquartile ranges of the NEU. GWP and AP values are lowest for the landfilling (AP, NEU) and thermal treatment (GWP) scenarios.

Conclusions: Fixing both tibiofibular joints with MLN2238 a single Ilizarov wire decreases proximal tibiofibular joint distraction; however, more secure fixation would help to decrease the prevalence of delayed knee laxity. When tibial lengthening is performed over an intramedullary nail, avoiding proximal tibiofibular joint fixation will limit tibial valgus angulation. Limiting lengthening to <25% will decrease

the proportion of cases with knee laxity, and limiting lengthening to <50% will significantly limit tibial valgus angulation.”
“A new austdiol analog myxodiol A (1), three novel fulvic acid derivatives myxotrichin A-C (2-4), and a new citromycetin analog myxotrichin D (5), were isolated

from an endolichenic fungus Myxotrichum ALK activation sp. inhabiting the lichen Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unequivocally on the basis of comprehensive analysis of MS and NMR data. Compounds 2 and 5 displayed very weak cytotoxicity against human leukemia cell line K562, and compounds 1 showed very weak antifungal activity against Candida albicans (sc5314). (C) 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Pneumonia in South African children remains a major public health concern. The costs of hospital admission for pneumonia should be determined, especially where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is common.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the hospital costs of children (HIV-infected vs. non-HIV-infected) admitted for the management of pneumonia and compare them in the public and fee-for-service sectors.

METHODS: A retrospective review of paediatric admissions in 2007 was performed. Costs were determined

for the public and fee-for-service sectors. Outcome measures included hospital mortality and comparative costs of admission.

RESULTS: There were 132 admissions in a public sector facility (67% HIV-infected), and 7882 in the fee-for-service ATM/ATR inhibitor clinical trial sector (1.2% HIV-infected). Total mortality was respectively 25% in the public and 0.04% in the fee-for-service sectors. The mean cost for HIV-infected patients was respectively US$639.06 and US$10540.04 in the public and fee-for-service sectors. For non-HIV-infected patients, the cost was respectively US$399.45 and US$3936.87. Length of stay for HIV-infected patients was longer by respectively 1.8 days and 5.7 days in the public sector among admissions to the ward and to the paediatric intensive care unit.

CONCLUSION: Admission for HIV-infected children with pneumonia costs significantly more in both sectors. Preventive strategies are needed.

Presented at the International Congress of Cardiology, Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China, February 24-26, 2012. This study was supported by the School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.”
“Objective: Post-cardiac arrest fever has been associated with adverse outcome before implementation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH), however the prognostic implications of post-hypothermia fever (PHF) in the era of modern post-resuscitation care including TH has not been thoroughly investigated.

The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic implication of PHF in

a large consecutive cohort of comatose survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) treated with TH.

Methods: In the LY411575 cost period 2004-2010, NVP-LDE225 datasheet a total of 270 patients resuscitated after OHCA and surviving a 24-h protocol of TH with a target temperature of 32-34 degrees C were included. The population was stratified in two groups by median peak temperature (>= 38.5 degrees C) within 36 h after rewarming: PHF and no-PHF. Primary endpoint was 30-days mortality and secondary endpoint was neurological outcome assessed by Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) at hospital discharge.

Results: PHF (>38.5 degrees C)was associated

with a 36% 30-days mortality rate compared to 22% in patients without PHF, p(log-rank) = 0.02, corresponding to an adjusted hazard rate (HR) of 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-2.7), p = 0.02). The maximum temperature (HR = 2.0 per degrees C above 36.5 degrees C (95% CI: 1.4-3.0), p = 0.0005) and the duration of PHF (HR = 1.6 per 8 h (95% CI: 1.3-2.0), p < 0.0001) were also independent predictors of 30-days mortality in multivariable

models. Good neurological outcome (CPC1-2) versus unfavourable outcome (CPC3-5) at hospital discharge was found in 61% vs. 39% in the PHF group compared to 75% vs. 25% in the No PHF group, p = 0.02.

Conclusions: Post-hypothermia fever >= 38.5 degrees C is associated with increased 30-days mortality, even after controlling for potential confounding factors. Avoidance of PHF as a therapeutic target should be evaluated in prospective BGJ398 randomized trials. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study assesses the association between dietary transfatty acid (TFA) intake and the risk of selected cancers. Mailed questionnaires were completed between 1994 and 1997 in eight Canadian provinces by 1182 incident, histologically confirmed cases of the stomach, 1727 of the colon, 1447 of the rectum, 628 of the pancreas, 3341 of the lung, 2362 of the breast, 442 of the ovary, 1799 of the prostate, 686 of the testis, 1345 of the kidney, 1029 of the bladder, 1009 of the brain, 1666 non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 1069 leukemias, and 5039 population controls.

For example, it is possible that increased consumption of some of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy or lactation may impart a

benefit to infant health. Understanding better the population dynamics related to supplement use during these periods will be critical in implementation of campaigns designed to encourage appropriate use – and discourage inappropriate use – of dietary supplements during these important phases of human reproduction. The purpose of this article is to briefly review what is known about the use of dietary supplements in North America and, more specifically, in pregnant Ganetespib clinical trial and lactating women. In addition, information concerning barriers to supplement use is discussed as are current recommendations for dietary supplement consumption during Lapatinib clinical trial these periods of the life cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;

89(suppl): 663S-7S.”
“P>Twenty-five years ago, Arabidopsis thaliana emerged as the model organism of choice for research in plant biology. A consensus was reached about the need to focus on a single organism to integrate the classical disciplines of plant science with the expanding fields of genetics and molecular biology. Ten years after publication of its genome sequence, Arabidopsis remains the standard reference plant for all of biology. We reflect here on the major advances and shared resources that led to the extraordinary Selleckchem Danusertib growth of the Arabidopsis research community. We also underscore the importance of continuing to expand and refine our detailed knowledge of Arabidopsis while seeking to appreciate the remarkable diversity that characterizes the plant kingdom.”
“Objective-To determine the diagnostic

value of a serologic microagglutination test (MAT) and a PCR assay on urine and blood for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI).

Design-Cross-sectional study.

Animals-76 dogs with AKI in a referral hospital (2008 to 2009).

Procedures-Dogs’ leptospirosis status was defined with a paired serologic MAT against a panel of 11 Leptospira serovars as leptospirosis-associated (n = 30) or nonleptospirosis-associated AKI (12). In 34 dogs, convalescent serologic testing was not possible, and leptospirosis status was classified as undetermined. The diagnostic value of the MAT single acute or convalescent blood sample was determined in dogs in which leptospirosis status could be classified. The diagnostic value of a commercially available genus-specific PCR assay was evaluated by use of 36 blood samples and 20 urine samples.

Results-Serologic acute testing of an acute blood sample had a specificity of 100% (95% Cl, 76% to 100%), a sensitivity of 50% (33% to 67%), and an accuracy of 64% (49% to 77%). Serologic testing of a convalescent blood sample had a specificity of 92% (65% to 99%), a sensitivity of 100% (87% to 100%), and an accuracy of 98% (88% to 100%).

Thus, the clay platelets in the matrix phase acted as barrier that restricted the coalescence of dispersed domains during melt-mixing. Addition of PE-g-MA in both the compositions of nylon6/HDPE blend effectively reduced the D of dispersed phases. Storage modulus and thermal stability of the blend were improved in presence of small amount of clay, whereas addition of PE-g-MA lowered the mechanical and thermal properties of the blends. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 359-368, 2011″
“Background: The development and spread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains is a major concern and novel anti-malarial drugs are, therefore, needed. Ferroquine

is a ferrocenic derivative of chloroquine with proven anti-malarial activity against chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive P. falciparum

laboratory this website strains.

Methods: Adult young male aged 18 to 45 years, asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum, were included in two-dose escalation, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I trials, a single dose study and a multiple dose study aiming to evaluate oral doses of ferroquine from 400 to 1,600 mg.

Results: Overall, 54/66 patients (40 and 26 treated in the single and multiple dose studies, respectively) experienced at least one adverse event, 15 were under placebo. Adverse events were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain (16), diarrhoea (5), nausea (13), and

vomiting (9), but also headache (11), and dizziness (5). A few patients had slightly elevated PKC inhibitor liver parameters (10/66) including two patients under placebo. Moderate changes in QTc and morphological changes in T waves were observed in the course of the study. However, no adverse cardiac effects with clinical relevance were observed.

Conclusions: These phase I trials showed that clinically, ferroquine was generally well-tolerated up to 1,600 mg as single dose and up to 800 mg as repeated dose in asymptomatic young male with P. falciparum infection. Further clinical development of ferroquine, either alone or in combination with another anti-malarial, is highly warranted and currently Selleck LY2090314 underway.”
“An oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from the minor salivary gland origin is extremely rare. We report on a 44-year-old man with a high-grade oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma originating in the minor salivary gland of the posterior mandible. All tumor cells showed the expected pattern of immunoreactivity, with positive results for the antimitochondrial antibody and p63, and negative results for the androgenic receptor antibody. Microscopically, the tumor was considered to be a high-grade carcinoma in the grading systems of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and Brandwein.

Increasing the filler content of POM/TD32.4 and POM/TD130 (130 nm) nanocomposites resulted in a decrease in tensile strength. The Young modulus, stress at break and impact strength of TiO2 nanocomposite did not improve with increasing filler contents, in opposition to the better agglomeration conditions of ZnO nanocomposite even at lower particle sizes. Because of agglomeration, the

POM/TD32.4 nanocomposites had lower mechanical properties and lower degradation temperature than the POM/TD130 ones. The sizes of nanoparticles determined the agglomeration, but however, the agglomeration also depended on the type of nanoparticles, BIIB057 chemical structure even when using the same matrix (POM) and the same mixing method. TiO2 nanoparticles were more difficult to mix and were more agglomerated in the POM matrix as compared to ZnO nanoparticles, regardless of the size of the nanoparticles. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 3217-3224, 2012″
“This manuscript presents the first observation of the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) conduction mechanism in individual heterostructure nanowires (NWs). This effect is exploited to extract size-dependent carrier densities and to demonstrate surface-dominated behavior for these technologically relevant nanostructures. Mobile

carrier densities were shown to increase from 2.5 x 10(16) to 5.6 x 10(17) cm(-3), as NW width decreased from 200 to 50 nm. This size-dependent behavior is a consequence of the increasing www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html influence of near-surface confined carriers as widths decrease. Traps impact the SCLC Selleckchem MK-4827 response and were characterized as an exponential band edge tail with an average characteristic energy of 75 meV. In addition to the specific materials properties extracted, these results further demonstrate the tendency for low-dimensional materials (1D NWs) to exhibit SCLC at much lower injection fluxes compared to their higher dimensional (2D heterostructure field-effect transistors) counterparts. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3622145]“
“Clusterin is a heterodimeric

sulfated glycoprotein and plays a role in many different types of cancer as a cell survival factor and helps cancerous cells to evade stress-induced apoptosis. To investigate whether the regulation of clusterin expression is involved in the mechanism of anticancer agent, we studied the effect of tamoxifen on clusterin expression in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Treatment of PC-3 cells with tamoxifen reduced cellular proliferation. Western blot analyses showed that treatment with tamoxifen suppressed clusterin expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Transfection with clusterin siRNA plasmid showed that clusterin is required for PC-3 cell survival. We found that tamoxifen resulted in a rapid decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 leading to prevent kinase activity.

All gray-scale thresholds were significantly correlated with visual assessment. The 6-SD threshold had the strongest correlation (r = 0.913, P < .0001) ABT-263 mw compared with thresholds of 2 SDs (r = 0.81) and

4 SDs (r = 0.91) above the mean and 2 SDs above noise (r = 0.53) (P < .001 for all comparisons). In addition, compared with visual assessment, the 6-SD threshold yielded less intraobserver variability (difference, 0.6 g +/- 8, kappa = 0.66 [P < .0001] vs 1.4 g +/- 9, kappa = 0.49 [P < .0001]) and less interobserver variability (difference, 5.4 g +/- 18, kappa = 0.20 [P < .0001] vs – 18.4 g +/- 18, kappa = 0.08 [P < .0001]).

Conclusion: Semiautomated LGE cardiovascular MR gray-scale thresholding with 6 or more SDs

above the mean signal intensity for the visually normal remote myocardium yields the closest approximation of the extent of LGE identified with visual assessment SCH 900776 and is highly reproducible. This objective method should be considered for quantifying LGE in patients with HCM. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Background: We studied the impact of lifestyle, body composition, different insulin sensitivity indices and the first insulin response in healthy pre- and post-menopausal women with a low cardiovascular risk profile (the EU-RISC study, ‘Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease’ (n = 51, 47 +/- 4 years, body mass index 23.6 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2), waist girth 79.2 +/- 10.3 cm) on endothelial function (flow mediated arterial dilatation (FMD)), an early marker for atherosclerosis.

Results: Waist circumference (p = 0.06), tobacco consumption (p = 0.02) and leucocyte count (p = 0.09) were inversely related with FMD in both pre- and post-menopausal women. Neither insulin sensitivity nor first insulin response indices were correlated with FMD. In pre-menopausal women

selleck (n = 24), waist (p < 0.02), waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.02), HDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) and smoking habits (p < 0.03) were significantly correlated with endothelial function. In postmenopausal women (n = 27) age (r = -0.17, p = 0.04) was related with FMD.

Conclusion: Smoking and waist circumference, a simple marker of visceral adiposity, were related with endothelial function in healthy pre- and post-menopausal women.”
“Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a disorder characterized by presence of an accessory pathway that predisposes patients to tachyarrhythmias and sudden death. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is both effective and safe for patients with symptomatic tachyarrhythmias mediated by accessory atrioventricular pathways. During the procedure, fatal complications may occur but it is considered low in relation to the morbidity associated with the WPW syndrome. Coronary artery occlusion, as a complication of an RF catheter ablation, is quite rare.

We aimed to illustrate and quantify an often-overlooked bias that may occur in such studies if CRC mortality in the general population is not restricted by the date of diagnosis this website (whereas screening participants by definition do not have a prior CRC diagnosis).

Study Design and Setting: We illustrate and quantify the expected bias using cancer registry data from the United States.

Results: Unless an incidence-based mortality approach is used, expected numbers of CRC deaths in screening cohorts (and hence estimated screening effects) are substantially overestimated. Overestimation of expected CRC

deaths is most severe (more than fivefold) during the first year of follow-up and rapidly decreases in the subsequent years. Nevertheless, overestimation of 5- and 10-year cumulative numbers of expected CRC deaths is still as high as 60-70% and 20-30%, respectively. Substantial bias even persists if the initial years of follow-up are excluded from the analyses.

Conclusion: Careful restriction of expected CRC deaths by an incidence-based mortality approach is indispensable for deriving valid screening effect estimates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Incomplete

Kawasaki disease (IKD) and atypical Kawasaki disease (AKD) represent rare conditions. Two cases of unexpected or sudden infant death are reported. The diagnosis for a 3-month-old girl was determined by echocardiography, Selleck Epigenetic inhibitor and the child unexpectedly died despite appropriate treatment, whereas autopsy determined the diagnosis of AKD for a 4-month-old boy. In both patients, giant coronary artery aneurysms with thrombosis and vasculitis, myocarditis, and coagulative necrosis were shown at autopsy. These rare forms of IKD and AKD carry a poor prognosis and represent a paradox between the severe cardiovascular damage and the LDN-193189 clinical presentation that mimics common and usually self-limiting exanthematic infectious disease in infancy.”
“BACKGROUND: Solid waste emanating from tanneries contains a high percentage of protein with raw trimmings from hides constituting a significant percentage of the solid waste. In this study, organically

stabilized trimmings (OST) have been used as an adsorbent material for removal of colour from waste-water.

RESULTS: Various parameters such as adsorbent dosage, dye concentration and pH have been optimized. The effect of neutral salts on the dye adsorption capacity of OST has also been studied. The adsorption of dye by OST follows the Freundlich isotherm. More than 99% removal of colour has been achieved. Commercial trials prove the potential use of organically stabilized trimmings for the treatment of colored wastewater.

CONCLUSIONS: Dye loaded OSTs have been employed in the manufacture of a tanning salt, which can be used in the leather industry. Thus, a holistic solution to the challenging solid waste disposal problem has been developed.

However, long-term outcome analysis using these methods is required and close interdisciplinary collaboration of specialists in gastroenterology, surgery, pathology and radiology is mandatory to achieve optimum outcomes.”
“A novel and general kinetic rate equation combining ultraviolet-induced (UV-induced) curing and thermal curing was successfully derived from the conventional thermal-kinetic rate equation. This proposed novel kinetic rate equation can be applicable to the curing system either simultaneously or individually

by UV-induced and thermal cure methods. This general kinetic rate equation is composed of the reaction order n, activation energy E-a curing temperature T, energy barrier of photoinitiation E-Q, intensity of UV radiation Q, concentration of photoinitiator [I], and a few other parameters. The proposed equation was supported by experimental data based on the curing systems of 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethane selleck chemicals llc (BMI) and 2,2-bis(4-(4 maleimido phenoxy) phenyl propane (BMIP). The BMI and BMIP systems were isothermally cured at various temperatures, or simultaneously cured with varying Smoothened Agonist manufacturer intensity of UV radiation (wavelength 365 nm). Conversion levels for the various cured samples were subsequently measured with a FTIR spectrometer. The reaction order n = 1.2, activation

energy E. = 40,800 J/mol, and E-Q = 7.5 mW/cm(2) were obtained for curing BMI system. The reaction order n = 1.3, activation energy E-a = 53,000

J/mol, and E-Q = 9.1 mW/cm(2) were obtained for curing BMIP system. The values of n and E-a in the same curing system (BMI or BMIP) are irrespective of the curing method (either LB-100 order simultaneously or individually by UV-induced and thermal cure methods). The salient results of this study show that UV radiation only enhances the initiation rate and UV ration do not influence the activation energy E.. The experimental results are reasonably well represented by these semi-empirical expressions. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 935-947, 2010″
“Study Design. Translation and psychometric testing.

Objective. To cross-culturally adapt the Neck Disability Index (NDI) to the Finnish language and to assess the reliability and validity of the Finnish version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI-FI) and the modified Neck Pain and Disability Scale (mNPDS-FI) in Finnish patients with neck pain.

Summary of Background Data. Although largely used, no previous reports exist on the translation process or the testing of the psychometric properties of the Finnish version of the NDI or the mNPDS used in Finland.

Methods. The translation of the questionnaire from English into Finnish was done in accordance with the published guidelines. A total of 101 patients with neck pain participated in the study. The reliability of the questionnaires was tested using a test-retest procedure at 2-week intervals.