Among integrin receptors, several bind to laminins, major components of the basal lamina. In particular, integrin alpha6 beta1 and alpha6 beta4 can bind to laminins 111, 332 and 511. A specific feature of integrin alpha6 beta4 is its participation to hemidesmosomes, anchorage junctions found in epithelia (skin, intestine), which are the devices by which epithelial cells attach to the basal lamina. In the cells, molecular interactions of alpha6 beta4 with plakins results ultimately

with the establishment of a connection with the keratin intermediate filament network. Hemidesmosomes provide cells with resistance against mechanical stress, and it has been largely documented that molecular alterations of hemidesmosomal composition leads to tissue integrity www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html defects such as epidermolysis bullosa. In

addition to this structural role, hemidesmosomes are also signalling entities since plakins or integrin cytoplasmic tails recruit signalling HIF inhibitor molecules. By regulating cell fundamental behaviours (adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival), integrin signalling pathways contribute to the control of tissue integrity and homeostasis. To be able to analyze the functions and signalling Aldol condensation of integrin alpha6 beta4 in vivo in different tissues, we have generated a conditional integrin alpha6-floxed mutant line. We are using this mouse model to study the functional role of integrin alpha6 beta4 in intestinal physiology and pathology. Poster No. 66 CD151 Expression and Prostate Cancer Progression Sujitra Detchokul 1 , Bradley Newell1, Jian Ang1, Michael W. Parker2, Elizabeth D. Williams3, Albert G. Frauman1 1 Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia, 2

Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 PF-04929113 order Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Despite improvement in earlier detection and treatment, prostate cancer (PCa) still remains a leading cause of death in most Western countries. CD151, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily is involved in cell signaling, cell motility, cell adhesion, and tumour metastasis by acting as a molecular facilitator recruiting groups of specific cell-surface proteins and thus stabilizing functional signaling complexes1. CD151 was identified to be the first tetraspanin member to be linked as a promoter of metastasis2.

A class of nanomaterials that display these characteristics is amorphous semiconductors [1]. Generally, amorphous semiconducting nanostructures display some advantageous electrical characteristics compared with their crystalline counterparts. In particular, due to their disordered structure,

amorphous materials typically have a high density of localized defect states, resulting in significant charge trapping and much lower leakage current [2]. Moreover, amorphous nanomaterials can be produced at relatively low temperatures, while a lower strain is expected between the embedded nanoparticles and the matrix due to their flexible amorphous structure [3]. In addition, very recent works have demonstrated that some amorphous or polycrystalline nitrides, like CuN, AlN, and NiN, this website exhibit resistive switching behavior capable for fabricating resistance-switching random access memory devices [4–7]. However, the research for switching resistive materials had been focused almost only on metal oxides, e.g., TiO2[8, 9], NiO [10, 11], ZnO [12], and Ta2O5[13–16], as their electrical properties are well known and their preparation methods are relatively easy and well established. On the contrary, metal nitrides, even though they exhibit intriguing electrical properties, remain largely unexplored in this field. Low-power

memristive behavior with outstanding endurance has been already demonstrated in tantalum oxide ABT-737 mw [13–15], alongside with efforts to maximize its performance with nitrogen doping [16]. A promising material in this point of view is amorphous tantalum nitride (a-TaN x ). Tantalum nitride is proved to be a mechanically hard and a chemically inert material, combining both high thermal stability and low temperature coefficient of resistance [17, 18]. TaN x appears

with many crystalline phases that are well studied [19, 20]. For example, the metallic TaN may have potential applications as Cu diffusion barriers [21], 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase thin film resistors [22], and superconducting single-photon detectors [23], while nitrogen-rich Ta3N5 is used as photocatalytic material for water splitting [24, 25]. On the other hand, the amorphous phase (a-TaN x ), which is the most common phase of the selleck products as-prepared TaN x at relatively low temperatures [26–28], has received very low attention. Early electrical studies on a-TaN x films by Chang et al. showed that there was increasing resistivity of films, as the nitrogen concentration in the gas environment increased [29], while Kim et al. [30] indicated that a-TaN x could prevent copper diffusion more effectively than the crystallized Ta2N film by eliminating grain boundaries. It is well known for 1-D and 2-D nanostructures, i.e.

PubMedCrossRef 2. Roilides E, Butler KM, Husson RN, Mueller BU, Lewis LL, Pizzo PA: Pseudomonas infections in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:547–553.PubMedCrossRef 3. Vartivarian SE, Papadakis KA, Anaissie EJ: GDC-0068 manufacturer Stenotrophomonas ( Xanthomonas ) maltophilia urinary tract infection. A disease that is usually severe and complicated. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:433–435.PubMedCrossRef 4. Chang HC, Chen CR, Lin JW, Shen GH, Chang KM, Tseng YH, Weng SF: Isolation and characterization of novel giant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phage phiSMA5. Appl Environ Microbiol selleck inhibitor 2005, 71:1387–1393.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 5. Caylan R, Kaklikkaya N, Aydin K, Aydin F, Yilmaz G, Ozgumus

B, Koksal I: An epidemiological analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains in a university hospital. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004, 57:37–40.PubMed 6. Milne KE, Gould IM: Combination antimicrobial susceptibility testing of multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:4071–4077.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 7. Harper DR, Enright MC: Bacteriophages for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Appl Microbiol 2011, 111:1–7.PubMedCrossRef 8. Chen CR, Lin CH, Lin JW, Chang CI, Tseng YH, Weng SF: Characterization of Selleckchem Captisol a novel T4-type Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia virulent phage Smp14. Arch Microbiol 2007, 188:191–197.PubMedCrossRef 9. Huang Y, Fan H, Pei G, Fan H, Zhang Z, An X, Mi Z, Shi T, Tong Y: Complete genome sequence of IME15, the first T7-like bacteriophage lytic to pan-antibiotic-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . J Virol 2012, 86:13839–13840.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Fan H, Huang Y, Mi Z, Yin X, Wang L, Fan H, Zhang Z, An X, Chen J, Tong Y: Complete Genome Sequence of IME13, a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteriophage with large burst size and unique plaque polymorphism. J Virol 2012, 86:11392–11393.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 11. Liu J, Chen P, Zheng C, Huang YP: Characterization of maltocin P28, a novel phage tail-like bacteriocin

from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Appl Environ Microbiol 2013, 79:5593–5600.PubMedCrossRef 12. Hagemann M, Hasse D, Berg G: Detection of a phage genome carrying a zonula occludens like toxin gene (zot) in clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas Amisulpride maltophilia . Arch Microbiol 2006, 185:449–458.PubMedCrossRef 13. Liu J, Liu Q, Shen P, Huang YP: Isolation and characterization of a novel filamentous phage from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Arch Virol 2012, 157:1643–1650.PubMedCrossRef 14. Petrova M, Shcherbatova N, Kurakov A, Mindlin S: Genomic characterization and integrative properties of phiSMA6 and phiSMA7, two novel filamentous bacteriophages of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Arch Virol 2013. [Epub ahead of print] 15. Lee CN, Lin JW, Chow TY, Tseng YH, Weng SF: A novel lysozyme from Xanthomonas oryzae phage ϕXo411 active against Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas . Protein Expr Purif 2006, 50:229–237.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2985–2989PubMedCrossRef Portis AR Jr (2003) Temsirolimus solubility dmso Rubisco activase—Rubisco’s catalytic chaperone. Photosynth Res 75:11–27PubMedCrossRef Portis AR Jr, Li CS, Wang DF, Salvucci ME (2008) Regulation of Rubisco activase and its interaction with Rubisco. J Exp Bot 59:1597–1604PubMedCrossRef Robinson SP, Portis AR Jr (1988) Release of the nocturnal inhibitor, carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate,

from ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by rubisco activase. FEBS Lett 233:413–416CrossRef Robinson SP, Portis AR Jr (1989a) Adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by purified Rubisco activase. Arch Biochem Biophys 268:93–99PubMedCrossRef Robinson SP, PFT�� in vivo Portis AR Jr (1989b) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase protein prevents the in vitro decline in activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Plant Physiol 90:968–971PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rumeau D, Bécuwe- Linka N, Beyly A, Carrier P, Cuiné S, Genty B, Medgyesy P, Horvath E, Peltier G (2004) Increased zinc content in transplastomic tobacco plants expressing a polyhistidine-tagged Rubisco large subunit. Plant Biotechnol J 2:389–399PubMedCrossRef Salvucci ME, Portis AR Jr, Ogren WL (1985) A soluble chloroplast protein catalyzes

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation in vivo. Photosynth Res 7:193–201PubMedCrossRef Salvucci ME, DeRidder BP, Portis DNA Damage inhibitor AR Jr (2006) Effect of activase level and isoform on the thermotolerance of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 57:3793–3799PubMedCrossRef Sharkey

TD, Savitch LV, Butz ND (1991) Photometric method for routine determination of kcat and carbamylation of rubisco. Photosynth Res 28:41–48PubMedCrossRef Spreitzer RJ, Salvucci ME (2002) Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme. Ann Rev Plant Biol 53:449–475CrossRef Stitt M, Lilley RM, Heldt HW (1982) Adenine nucleotide levels in many the cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of wheat leaf protoplasts. Plant Physiol 70:971–977PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stotz M, Mueller-Cajar O, Ciniawsky S, Wendler P, Hartl FU, Bracher A, Hayer-Hartl M (2011) Structure of green-type Rubisco activase from tobacco. Nat Struct Mol Biol 18:1366–1370PubMedCrossRef Sulpice R, Tschoep H, Von Korff M, Büssis D, Usadel B, Höhne M, Witucka-Wall H, Altmann T, Stitt M, Gibon Y (2007) Description and applications of a rapid and sensitive non-radioactive microplate-based assay for maximum and initial activity of d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Plant Cell Environ 30:1163–1175PubMedCrossRef van de Loo FJ, Salvucci ME (1996) Activation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) involves Rubisco activase Trp16.

cereus SJ1. B. cereus SJ1 growth curves in LB medium with (■) and without (○) 1 mM K2CrO4. (♦), Cr(VI) reduction of B. cereus SJ1 in LB medium (pH 7.0) with 1 mM K2CrO4. (▲), LB medium (pH 7.0) amended with 1 mM K2CrO4 without

bacterial inoculation as a control. Error bars represent standard deviation of triplicate samples. Figure 2 SEM micrographs of B. cereus SJ1 cells. (a), B. cereus SJ1 cells grown in LB medium for 24 h without K2CrO4; (b), B. cereus SJ1 cells grown in LB medium amended with 1 mM K2CrO4 for 24 h. Scale bars: 1 μm. General features of B. cereus SJ1 draft genome and genes involved in chromate metabolism Draft genome EX 527 order sequence analysis of B. cereus SJ1 showed a genome size of about 5.2 Mb distributed selleck chemicals llc in 268 contigs with an average GC content of 35.4%, containing 5,708 putative coding sequences (CDSs). There are 100 tRNA genes representing all 20 amino acids and 6 scattered ribosomal RNA genes identified on the draft genome. The likely origin of replication of the chromosome of B. cereus SJ1 was located in a 9.0 kb region that included co-localization of six genes (rpmH, gyrA, gyrB, recF, dnaN and dnaA). It was localized by comparing its draft genome to complete genomes of several strains of the B. cereus group though MUMmer3.20. Three putative chromate transporter genes,

chrA1, chrA2 and chrA3 were identified in the genome of B. cereus SJ1 (Additional file 1). The chrA1 encoding ChrA protein showed the highest amino acid identity (97%) with a homologous protein annotated as chromate transporter in Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27 [GenBank: YP036530]. Interestingly, chrA1 gene (locus_tag: BCSJ1_04594, 1,194 bp) located downstream of a potential transcriptional regulator gene chrI (locus_tag: BCSJ1_04599, 309 bp). The region of chrA1 and chrI also contained several CDSs encoding homologs Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase of Tn7-like transposition proteins and a resolvase that could potentially have been involved in horizontal gene transfer events (Figure 3a). This region covered 26 kb sequence and showed lower GC content (32.8%) compared with the average GC content

of B. cereus SJ1′s whole genome (35.4%). A similar region was also observed in B. thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27 (Figure 3b), but was absent in other B. cereus genomes. Remarkably, differing from B. thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27, this region of B. cereus SJ1 contained several genes related to arsenic resistance including genes encoding an arsenic resistance operon repressor ArsR, arsenic resistance protein ArsB, arsenate reductase ArsC, arsenic chaperon ArsD and arsenic pump ATPase ArsA (Figure 3a). This may indicate a very recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event since genes located upstream of Smoothened Agonist nmr chrIA1 and downstream of arsenic resistance genes were resolvase and Tn7-like transposition protein ABBCCCD in both strains.

59) among women not using personal calcium or vitamin D. In contrast, breast and total invasive cancer risks were reduced (both P = 0.01) among women adherent https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mcc950-sodium-salt.html to CaD in these analyses. Analyses that incorporated

inverse adherence probability weights were similar with overall test P values among women not using personal supplements of 0.02 for hip fracture, 0.98 for MI, 0.06 for invasive breast cancer, and 0.01 for total invasive cancer. Table 6 Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for calcium and vitamin D S3I-201 manufacturer supplementation in the WHI CaD trial according to duration of supplementation among women adherent to their assigned study pills Duration of CaD supplementation All participants No personal supplements All participants No personal KPT-8602 supplements HR 95 % CI HR 95 % CI HR 95 % CI HR 95 % CI   Hip fracture Total fracture <2 0.62 0.33,1.15 0.88 0.32,2.43 0.95 0.83,1.08 0.87 0.70,1.06 2–5 0.83 0.50,1.37 0.66 0.28,1.52 0.90 0.79,1.03 0.91 0.73,1.13 >5 0.73 0.44,1.23 0.24 0.07,0.84 0.98 0.82,1.16 0.95 0.71,1.27 Trend testa 0.74 0.12 0.89 0.61 Overall HRb 0.73 0.54, 1.00 0.55 0.32, 0.97 0.94 0.86, 1.02 0.90 0.78, 1.03   Myocardial infarction

Coronary heart disease <2 1.23 0.90,1.69 1.37 0.86,2.18 1.21 0.90,1.62 1.14 0.74,1.76 2–5 1.07 0.78,1.49 1.35 0.81,2.26 1.01 0.74,1.36 1.26 0.78,2.01 >5 0.82 0.55,1.21 0.78 0.43,1.41 0.88 0.61,1.26 0.82 0.47,1.41 Trend testa 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.40 Overall HRb 1.06 0.87, 1.29 1.18 0.88, 1.59 1.04 0.87, 1.25 1.08 0.82, 1.42   Total heart disease Stroke <2 1.06 0.89,1.25 1.05 0.82,1.34 0.81 0.57,1.14 1.01 0.63,1.64 2–5 1.01 0.85,1.19 1.00 0.77,1.31 1.19 0.85,1.67 1.73 0.99,3.01 >5 1.04 0.84,1.30 0.92

0.66,1.29 0.88 0.57,1.36 0.92 0.48,1.76 Trend testa 0.87 0.56 0.60 0.96 Overall HRb 1.03 0.93, 1.15 1.00 0.86, 1.18 0.96 0.78, 1.19 1.18 0.86, 1.62   Total cardiovascular disease Colorectal cancer <2 0.98 0.85,1.14 1.04 0.84,1.29 0.91 0.56,1.47 0.73 0.34,1.60 2–5 1.04 0.89,1.20 1.07 0.84,1.34 1.01 0.62,1.66 0.92 0.44,1.93 >5 1.06 0.88,1.29 0.98 0.73,1.31 1.10 0.59,2.07 0.71 0.27,1.88 check Trend testa 0.49 0.77 0.63 0.98 Overall HRb 1.02 0.93, 1.12 1.04 0.90, 1.19 0.99 0.73, 1.34 0.80 0.50, 1.27   Breast cancer Total invasive cancer <2 0.96 0.73,1.27 0.90 0.58,1.39 0.97 0.82,1.14 0.94 0.71,1.23 2–5 0.85 0.66,1.10 0.60 0.39,0.92 0.86 0.74,1.02 0.70 0.53,0.92 >5 0.88 0.63,1.24 0.67 0.39,1.17 0.95 0.77,1.18 0.79 0.56,1.11 Trend testa 0.64 0.35 0.81 0.35 Overall HRb 0.90 0.76, 1.06 0.71 0.55, 0.93 0.92 0.83, 1.02 0.80 0.68, 0.95   Death   <2 0.78 0.57,1.08 0.69 0.41,1.16         2–5 0.81 0.63,1.04 0.82 0.54,1.26         >5 1.06 0.80,1.41 1.02 0.65,1.59         Trend testa 0.14 0.26         Overall HRb 0.88 0.75, 1.03 0.85 0.65, 1.

It is interesting to note that MICA and MICB has a greater induction for proliferation of the myelomonocytic cell lines than in the cervical cancer ones, we think that this is due to the fact that the myelomonocytic Veliparib mouse cells presented a higher expression of the NKG2D receptor on their membranes. Our results not only provide evidence that tumor cells can secrete MIC stress molecules and at the same time express their cognate receptor, but demonstrate that non-leukocyte cells, such as epithelial cells, can also express a receptor that was thought to be specific for cytotoxic cells. It would be

interesting to determine if this behavior is a more general property of MICA- and MICB-producing cells

by evaluating see more whether virus-infected and tumor cells known to secrete MICA CX-5461 datasheet and MICB also express NKG2D. Conversely, it would be interesting to determine if NK and other NKG2D-expressing cells could also be induced to produce and secrete MICA and MICB. If the secretion of MICA and MICB by virus-infected or tumor cells is thought to activate the immunological system through the NKG2D receptor on NK and cytotoxic lymphocytes, then the malignant cells may also present this receptor, as hinted in this work, to help deplete the secreted stress signals in situ and thus avoid activation of the cytotoxic NKG2D-positive cells. This novel idea that tumor cells can express NKG2D could expand a new field of research to

discover new mechanisms by which malignant cells escape immunological recognition. We can further PRKD3 speculate that malignant cells not only can deplete MICA and MICB in situ to avoid immune recognition, but they can also use the stress factors as endogenous tumor growth factors. It would be interesting to determine if the simultaneous expression of MICA, MICB and the NKG2D receptor is present in different types of virus-infected and tumor cells. In this respect, the immunosuppressive state that is characteristic of tumor patients and the associated continuous tumor growth warrants further investigation. Conclusions This paper describes two novel findings; one that shows that tumor cells can simultaneously secrete MIC molecules and express their receptor, and another one that tumor epithelial cells (non-leukocytic cells) can also express the NKG2D receptor. The secretion of MIC by tumor cells is thought to activate cytotoxicity through the NKG2D receptor on NK and lymphocytes, then if the malignant cells can also present this receptor as hinted in this work, they could contribute to deplete the secreted stress signals in situ thus avoiding activation of the immunocompetent cells.

McKenna P, Hoffmann C, Minkah N, Aye PP, Lackner A, Liu Z, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Knight R, Bushman FD: The macaque gut microbiome in health, lentiviral infection, and chronic enterocolitis. PLoS pathogens 2008,4(2):e20.PubMedCrossRef 19. Turnbaugh PJ, Quince C, Faith JJ, McHardy AC, Yatsunenko T, Niazi F, Affourtit J, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Knight R, et al.: Organismal, genetic, and transcriptional Selleckchem Stattic variation in the deeply sequenced gut microbiomes of identical twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010,107(16):7503–7508.PubMedCrossRef 20. Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, Berka J, Braverman

MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, et al.: Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 2005,437(7057):376–380.PubMed 21. Pace NR, Olsen GJ, Woese CR: Ribosomal RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent. Cell 1986,45(3):325–326.PubMedCrossRef 22. Ludwig W, Strunk O, Westram R, Richter L, Meier H, Yadhukumar , Buchner A, Lai T, Steppi S, Jobb G, et al.: ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Nucleic acids research 2004,32(4):1363–1371.PubMedCrossRef 23. Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR: Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007,73(16):5261–5267.PubMedCrossRef 24. Polz MF, Cavanaugh CM: Bias in template-to-product ratios in multitemplate PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1998,64(10):3724–3730.PubMed Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 25. Liu Z, Lozupone C, Hamady M, Bushman FD, Knight R: Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis. Nucleic acids research 2007,35(18):e120.PubMedCrossRef 26. Lauber BLZ945 price CL, Zhou N, www.selleckchem.com/PARP.html Gordon JI, Knight R, Fierer N: Effect of storage conditions on the

assessment of bacterial community structure in soil and human-associated samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010,307(1):80–6.PubMedCrossRef 27. Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, Gordon JI, Relman DA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Nelson KE: Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science (New York, NY) 2006,312(5778):1355–1359.CrossRef 28. Hoffmann C, Minkah N, Leipzig J, Wang G, Arens MQ, Tebas P, Bushman FD: DNA bar coding and pyrosequencing to identify rare HIV drug resistance mutations. Nucleic acids research 2007,35(13):e91.PubMedCrossRef 29. Binladen J, Gilbert MT, Bollback JP, Panitz F, Bendixen C, Nielsen R, Willerslev E: The use of coded PCR primers enables high-throughput sequencing of multiple homolog amplification products by 454 parallel sequencing. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e197.PubMedCrossRef 30. Hamady M, Walker JJ, Harris JK, Gold NJ, Knight R: Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex. Nature methods 2008,5(3):235–237.PubMedCrossRef 31. Caporaso JG, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Desantis TZ, Andersen GL, Knight R: PyNAST: A flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template alignment.

This is due to their high aspect ratio,

high thermal and mechanical stability, extremely large surface-to-volume ratio, and high porosity [6–9]. Graphene has a great potential for novel electronic devices because of their extraordinary electrical, find more thermal, and mechanical properties, including a carrier mobility exceeding 104 cm2/Vs and a thermal conductivity of 103 W/mK [10–13]. Therefore, with the excellent electrical and thermal characteristics of graphene layers, growing semiconductor nanostructures and thin films on graphene layers would enable their novel physical Selleckchem HDAC inhibitor properties to be exploited in diverse sophisticated device applications.

Recently, several graphene/semiconductor nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized that show desirable combinations of these properties not found in the individual components. One-dimensional zinc oxide (ZnO) semiconducting nanostructures are considered to be important multifunctional building blocks for fabricating various nanodevices [14, 15]. Since graphene is an excellent conductor and a transparent material, the hybrid structure of ZnO/graphene shall lead to several device applications not only on silicon (Si) substrate but also on other insulating substrates such as glass and flexible plastic. Owing to the unique electronic and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures, such hybrid structure can be used for sensing devices [16, 17], ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors signaling pathway [18], solar cells [19], and light-emitting diodes (LED) [20]. There are several potential methods to grow ZnO on graphene which can be categorized into vapor-phase and liquid-phase methods. The vapor phase method is likely to involve high-temperature process and is also considered as a high-cost method

[2, 21]. Also, since the process requires oxygen (O2), the possibility of graphene to be oxidized or etched out during the growth is high since the oxidation of graphene is likely to occur at temperature as low as 450°C [22]. The liquid-phase Phosphoglycerate kinase method seems to be a promising method to grow graphene at low temperature with good controllability in terms of growth rates and structure dimensions. Up to date, only two methods have been reported on the growth of seed/catalyst-free ZnO nanostructure on graphene via low-temperature liquid-phase method. Kim et al. reported the growth of ZnO nanorods on graphene without any seed layer by hydrothermal method, but the obtained results show low density of nanostructures [23]. Xu et al. reported the seedless growth of ZnO nanotubes and nanorods on graphene by electrochemical deposition [24, 25].

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2005, 2:37–61.CrossRef 5. Waite R, Paccanaro A, Papakonstantinopoulou A, Hurst J, Saqi M, Littler E, Curtis M: Clustering of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptomes from planktonic cultures, developing and mature biofilms reveals distinct expression profiles. BMC Genomics 2006, 7:162.PubMedCrossRef 6. Waite RD, Papakonstantinopoulou find more A, Littler E, Curtis MA: Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth: Comparison of gene expression

in planktonic cultures and developing and mature biofilms. J Bacteriol 2005, 187:6571–6576.PubMedCrossRef 7. Patell S, Gu M, Davenport P, Givskov M, Waite RD, Welch M: Comparative microarray analysis reveals that the core biofilm-associated transcriptome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa comprises relatively few genes. Environ Microbiol Rep 2010, 2:440–448.CrossRef 8. Mah T-F, O’Toole GA: Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 2001, 9:34–39.PubMedCrossRef 9. Ochsner UA, Wilderman PJ, Vasil AI, Vasil ML: GeneChip expression analysis of the iron starvation response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa : identification of novel pyoverdine biosynthesis genes. Mol Microbiol 2002, 45:1277–1287.PubMedCrossRef 10. Lenz AP, Williamson KS, Franklin MJ: Localized gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:4463–4471.PubMedCrossRef 11. Perez-Osorio AC, Williamson KS, Franklin MJ: Heterogeneous rpoS and

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