8 hours. Patients were treated for a mean of 4.8 +/- 3.8 days. Two patients developed peritonitis, and mechanical dysfunction of the PD catheter occurred in 1 patient. In-hospital mortality was 43.4%. Patients treated with PD weighed less (p = 0.004) and had longer bypass time (p = 0.004), inotrope use (p = 0.000), and mechanical ventilation (p

= 0.000). However, in a regression analysis, only cardiopulmonary bypass time (odds ratio: 1.021; 95% confidence interval: 0.998 to 1.027; p = 0.032) remained predictive of a subsequent need for PD.

We conclude that PD is an efficacious selleckchem RRT for AKI in children undergoing cardiac surgery and that, in this setting, bypass time is the strongest predictor of a subsequent need for RRT.”
“Incisional hernias are a frequent complication of upper abdominal wall interventions,

especially in patients undergoing liver transplantation with subsequent immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, we analyzed in this study the manner in which the incorporation of a surgical mesh for hernia repair is affected by the immunosuppressant drugs rapamycin and cyclosporine A (CsA). For this purpose, Ultrapro meshes were implanted into the dorsal skinfold chambers of rapamycin- and CsA-treated hamsters. Untreated animals served as controls. The angiogenic and inflammatory host tissue response to the mesh implants was then analyzed over a 14-day period by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Mesh incorporation Pitavastatin chemical structure was determined by histology and measurement of explantation strength. Rapamycin dose-dependently inhibited vascularization of implanted meshes, as indicated by a significantly reduced number of angiogenesis-positive regions of interest and microvessel density, when compared with CsA-treated hamsters and controls. In addition, the granulation tissue surrounding the meshes of rapamycin-treated animals exhibited only a low collagen content, resulting in an impaired mesh incorporation with a significantly reduced explantation strength. Leukocyte-endothelial www.sellecn.cn/products/loxo-101.html cell interaction did not show marked differences

between the observation groups. Thus, immunosuppressed patients should not be treated with rapamycin in case of incisional hernia repair in order to guarantee adequate mesh incorporation.”
“Tantalum migration from the anode sidewall barrier was observed in Cu interconnects/SiOCH low-k dielectrics after voltage ramp and constant voltage stress. This phenomenon was found to contribute to leakage current as observed from the current-voltage (I-V) and current-time (I-t) leakage curves. The mechanism of Ta migration is proposed to be due to the ease of Ta oxidation that converts the Ta atoms into ions, which subsequently drift along with the applied electric field and into the SiOCH low-k dielectric. The Ta ionic drift and diffusion into the dielectric led to an increase in leakage current, although the eventual formation of a stable Ta oxide resulted in a leakage saturation. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.

Conclusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, we could not establish deterioration in mean radiographic or clinical outcomes between the 2-year and 3- to 5-year follow-up points when analyzing the group as a whole. However, for the 9 patients who experienced complications between buy Elacridar 3- and 5-year follow-up, their outcomes were significantly worse than for the other 104 patients.

One should not anticipate an overall radiographic and clinical deterioration of the outcomes of surgically treated primary presentation

adult spinal deformity patients in this studied time interval. However, close to 10% of patients will experience a new complication at the 3- to 5-year point, most commonly implant failure/nonunion and/or junctional kyphosis, which will negatively effect the patient-reported outcome.”
“We report a female patient diagnosed of Gitelman disease who suffered from severe hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia during pregnancy. We discuss the therapeutic approach and materno-fetal outcome.”
“Seven kind of graft copolymerization

Konjac Glucomannan with quaternary ammonium see more group have been prepared, using Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and methacryloxylethyl alkyl dimethyl ammonium bromide with C(8)-C(18) alkyl and benzyl in water, ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator, the reaction temperature of 348 K, and the reaction period of 3 h. The structures were confirmed by FTIR. The 15 min inhibitory rates of all the graft copolymerization KGM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, against Candida albicans somewhat lower, but 30 min inhibitory rate still reached 99.02% check details for graft copolymerization KGM with quaternary ammonium group having 14 alkyl. The antibacterial mechanism of the graft copolymerization KGM has been investigated by adsorption ability to E. coil, measure of 260 nm absorbing materials and SEM micrographs. Firstly, the bacteria were fastly adsorbed by graft copolymerization

KGM. Interactions between bacterial membranes and antibacterial product cause fundamental changes in both membrane structure and function, induced leakage of cytoplasmic contents is a classic indication of damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The loss of the connection between the outer membrane and the underlying peptidoglycan induces the abnormality of nodular structures and bleb formation of the cell envelope of E. coli. The antibacterial mechanism is in accordance with microbiologic findings identifying surface blebbing as the first morphologic change occurring in the permeability barrier of gram-negative bacteria under mild heat stress and laser irradiation, etc. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 3453-3459,2010″
“Study Design. Prospective case control study.

Objective. This study investigated preoperative presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with right thoracic curves to determine which clinical and radiographic findings correlate with neural axis abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Cardiac GLP-2 effects were analysed on MDV3100 mouse Langendorff perfused hearts. Intracellular GLP-2 signalling was investigated on Langendorff perfused hearts and by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on ventricular extracts.

By immunoblotting and Q-RT-PCR,

we revealed the expression of ventricular GLP-2 receptors. Perfusion analyses showed that GLP-2 induces positive inotropism at low concentration (10-12 mol l(-1)), and negative inotropism and lusitropism from 10 to 10 mol l(-1). It dose-dependently constricts coronaries. The negative effects of GLP-2 were independent from GLP-1 receptors, being unaffected by exendin-3 (9-39) amide. GLP-2-dependent negative action involves Gi/o proteins, associates with a reduction of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an increase in extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and a decrease in phospholamban phosphorylation, but is independent from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and protein kinase G (PKG). Finally, GLP-2 competitively antagonised beta-adrenergic stimulation.

Conclusions: For the first time, to our knowledge, we found that: (1) the rat heart expresses functional GLP-2 receptors; (2) GLP-2 acts on both myocardium and MK-2206 clinical trial coronaries, negatively modulating both basal and beta-adrenergic stimulated cardiac performance; and

(3) GLP-2 effects are mediated by G-proteins and involve ERK1/2. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Cytokinesis and cell polarity are supported by membrane trafficking from the trans-Golgi network (TGN), but the molecular mechanisms that promote membrane trafficking Entinostat solubility dmso from the TGN are poorly defined in plant cells. Here we show that TRAPPII in Arabidopsis regulates the post-Golgi trafficking that is crucial for assembly of the cell plate and cell polarity. Disruptions of AtTRS120 or AtTRS130, two genes encoding two key subunits of TRAPPII, result in defective cytokinesis and cell polarity

in embryogenesis and seedling development. In attrs120 and attrs130, the organization and trafficking in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi interface are normal. However, post-Golgi trafficking to the cell plate and to the cell wall, but not to the vacuole, is impaired. Furthermore, TRAPPII is required for the selective transport of PIN2, but not PIN1, to the plasma membrane. We revealed that AtTRS130 is co-localized with RAB-A1c. Expression of constitutively active RAB-A1c partially rescues attrs130. RAB-A1c, which resides at the TGN, is delocalized to the cytosol in attrs130. We propose that TRAPPII in Arabidopsis acts upstream of Rab-A GTPases in post-Golgi membrane trafficking in plant cells.”
“A matched case-control study (95 cases and 220 controls) was designed to study risk factors for atypical scrapie in sheep in France. We analyzed contacts with animals from other flocks, lambing and feeding practices, and exposure to toxic substances.

(The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2011; 23:391-398)”
“The present study investigated the effects of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib on androgen-independent cancer cells viability and intracellular MG-132 mw signaling. Human androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells were treated with sorafenib. At concentration that suppresses extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, sorafenib treatment reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Sorafenib also down-modulated the levels of myeloid cell leukemia 1, survivin and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2. Sorafenib induced caspase-3 cleavage

and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome Selleck I-BET151 c. However, no nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor was detected after treatment and the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK had an obvious protective effect against the drug. In conclusion, sorafenib induces apoptosis through

a caspase-dependent mechanism with down-regulated antiapoptotic proteins in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro.”
“A study of BaTiO3 nanoparticles doped with different transition metals including Co, Fe, and Cr is presented. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies indicated that all the samples are highly crystalline and that transition metal dopants are successfully incorporated into BaTiO3 without

detectable secondary phases. Raman spectra featured three characteristic broad bands centered approximately 300, 520, and 715 cm(-1) from the tetragonal BaTiO3 without any extra peak present that may be attributed to other impurity phases. Temperature-and Selleckchem ACY-738 field-dependent magnetometry measurements and analysis revealed that all the samples show paramagnetic-like behavior originating from the transition metal ions. These results not only allow the exclusion of potential secondary ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic phases, but also suggest that transition metal ions (Co, Cr, and Fe) in BaTiO3 shown in this study are present as isolated paramagnetic centers. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3556768]“
“Depression is common in Huntington’s disease, but standard rating scales have doubtful validity in this population. Using data from the European Huntington’s Disease REGISTRY study, the authors examined the discriminant value of items on the Beck Depression Inventory (N=843) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (N=768). Good discriminators of depression, apart from “”depressed mood,”" were “”guilt,”" “”loss of interest,”" and “”suicidality.”" Items that discriminated poorly were “”weight loss,”" “”sleep disturbance,”" “”loss of appetite,”" “”psychomotor retardation,,”" “”agitation,”" and “”irritability.

Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Danshensu, chemical name D-(+)beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, is the major water-soluble components of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen). Sodium danshensu is a sodium salt of danshensu. The purpose of this study is to develop a sensitive, rapid and specific ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) method for determination of sodium click here danshensu in rat plasma and exploration of Q-TOF application to quantitative measurement of drugs in vivo by regulating parameter

settings including profile, centriod, high resolution and extended dynamic range. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, decision limit, detection capability, accuracy, and precision. Limit of quantitation was estimated in 1 ng/mL. The excellent MS qualitative and quantitative abilities are integrated. It is able to complete structural identification and quantitative measurement of

a sample.”
“BACKGROUND:

Carotid barochemoreceptor pathological lesions have been studied in animals, but few human necropsies have been performed. Therefore, data rely on case patients following surgery, radiotherapy and carotid endarterectomy. Almost no data are BMS202 concentration available regarding whether the effect of aging prevails over pathological conditions, despite the classic description that glomic fibrosis learn more increases with age.OBJECTIVE:

To morphometrically characterize the alterations of the carotid barochemoreceptors and their supplying arteries.METHODS:

Patients (n=23) who had suffered and died from stroke, with and without complicated internal carotid atheromatosis, were divided

by age (group 1: older than 80 years; group 2: 65 to 80 years; and group 3: younger than 65 years). Carotid segments were obtained at autopsy. The specimens were stained for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:

Carotid glomus presented from moderate-to-severe atrophy and fibrosis. A focal decrease in vascularization (CD34-positive) of the glomus (greater than 50%) was observed in areas of atrophy and fibrosis. Damaged nerve endings (S100 protein-positive) were observed at the media of the carotid sinus. Morphometric data showed no differences between groups for glomus area, number of type 1 and 2 cells, and the wall to lumen arteriole ratio. No statistical differences were demonstrated in the pathological findings of the carotid glomus when comparing complicated with noncomplicated plaques or age groups.CONCLUSION:

Severe carotid chemoreceptor damage exists in patients who have died from stroke and suffered from carotid atheromatosis. These findings were independent from aging and plaque type. However, damage was correlated with a marked narrowing of the supplying arterioles as a consequence of hemodynamic and/or metabolic alterations (dyslipidemia, diabetes).

Some PBDE congeners fulfill the criteria to be recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The addition of PEDEs to the list of POPs established by the United Nations Stockholm Convention will be important in elevating environmental concerns regarding these chemicals to an appropriate level of awareness. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study was aimed

to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of trabecular bone loss Tubastatin A nmr induced by skeletal unloading. Twelve mice have taken denervation operation. At 2 weeks after denervation, LLLT (wavelength, 660 nm; energy density, 3 J/cm(2)) was applied to the right tibiae of six mice (LASER) for 5 days/week over 2 weeks by using a minimally invasive laser needle system (MILNS) which consists of a 100 mu m optical fiber in a fine needle (diameter, 130 mu m). Structural parameters and histograms of bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) were obtained before LLLT and at 2 weeks after LLLT. In addition, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast populations were counted. Two weeks after LLLT, bone volume fraction, trabeculae number, and trabeculae thickness were significantly increased and trabecular separations, trabecular bone pattern factor, and structure

model index were significantly decreased in LASER than selleck chemical SHAM (p < 0.05). BMDD in LASER was maintained while that in SHAM was shifted to lower mineralization. Osteocyte and osteoblast populations were significantly increased but osteoclast population was significantly decreased in LASER when compared with those in SHAM (p < 0.05). The results indicate that LLLT with

the MILNS may enhance bone quality and bone homeostasis associated AZD9291 mw with enhancement of bone formation and suppression of bone resorption.”
“Left ventricular systolic function is an important indicator of clinical well-being and outcomes for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This study tested the hypothesis that left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler is associated with quality of life in this population. In this study, 38 subjects (age, 31.0 +/- A 14.1 years) with repaired TOF underwent echocardiogram and completed the Short-Form 36, version 2, a validated quality-of-life assessment, within a median of 0 days (range, 0-90 days). Available cardiovascular magnetic resonance data within 1 year after the echocardiogram were analyzed. The ratio of peak early inflow to peak early annular velocity (E/E’) at the lateral mitral annulus correlated inversely with the ability to participate in usual activities without physical limitations (r = -0.37; p = 0.02), whereas the right ventricular diastolic indices were not predictive. The relation of left ventricular diastolic function to quality of life was independent of left ventricular systolic function.

The PTFE/GF recyclate was tested for mechanical and dielectric performance. Experimental data were fitted to modified Lichtenecker and Effective-Medium Theory (EMT)

theoretical equations to estimate the dielectric constant of PTFE/GF recyclate subsheets for further use in new PTFE/GF laminates. It was found that the experimental values were inside of the Wiener bounds and fitted well the two theories for both manufacturing methods proposed. Overall, the results showed that PTFE/GF recyclate could be used as replacement for virgin PTFE/GF when incorporated in specific concentrations. EPZ004777 (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2467-2477, 2011″
“A trigonal Cr3+(3d(3)) defect in sillenite type Bi12SiO20 crystals co-doped with chromium and phosphorus has been identified by means of multi-frequency X-band (9.4 GHz), Q-band (35 GHz) and W-band (94 GHz) electron check details paramagnetic resonance (EPR). A consistent analysis of the observed spectra and their angular dependence was reached using an S = 3/2 spin Hamiltonian with

axial symmetry around a < 111 > crystallographic direction, an isotropic g-value g = 1.983, and a zero field splitting parameter B-2(0) = 0.1950 cm(-1). The spectra are attributed to a chromium ion in the unusual Cr3+ valence replacing a substitutional Si4+ in tetrahedral oxygen coordination. Evidence is found that the symmetry lowering from tetrahedral to trigonal is not spontaneous but induced by an associated defect, for which a P5+ ion in a nearest-neighbor Si4+ site is the most plausible candidate. Optical excitation results in a reversible charge transfer process directly correlated with a photochromic effect: near-UV light leads to a strong reduction of the Cr3+ EPR signals, and induces a broad band at 675 nm in the absorption spectrum, and both effects are reversed under red light selleckchem excitation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3561503]“
“Background: Well-recognized markers for static (one time) or dynamic (monitoring over time) dehydration assessment have not been rigorously tested for

their usefulness in clinical, military, and sports medicine communities.

Objective: This study evaluated the components of biological variation and the accuracy of potential markers in plasma, urine, saliva, and body mass (B(m)) for static and dynamic dehydration assessment.

Design: We studied 18 healthy volunteers (13 men and 5 women) while carefully controlling hydration and numerous preanalytic factors. Biological variation was determined over 3 consecutive days by using published methods. Atypical values based on statistical deviations from a homeostatic set point were examined. Measured deviations in body fluid were produced by using a separate, prospective dehydration experiment and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to quantify diagnostic accuracy.

Seven patients progressed from TCHB to intermittent CHB or LCHB requiring pacemaker implantation. Preoperative, early postoperative, and late postoperative electrocardiograms

as well as postoperative atrial stimulation were obtained. The results showed that the median duration of TCHB was 5 days in the TCHB group compared with 9 days in the LCHB group (p = 0.01). All 37 subjects with TCHB recovered AVC within 12 days, but only two with LCHB did so (p = 0.02). The risk of LCHB for the patients with 7 days of postoperative TCHB or longer was 13 times greater than for the patients with fewer than 7 days of TCHB (p = 0.01). The median late postoperative PR interval was slightly but significantly longer in the LCHB group than in the TCHB group (p = 0.02). In contrast, the electrophysiologic properties between the two groups did buy 3-Methyladenine not differ significantly. From those findings, we concluded that delayed recovery

SCH772984 of AVC after surgical TCHB (a parts per thousand yen7 days), but not electrophysiologic properties of recovered AVC assessed early in the postoperative period strongly, predicts risk of LCHB. Follow-up evaluation of AVC is particularly indicated for the delayed recovery group.”
“Introduction. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, idiopathic, intraoral mucosal pain condition in the absence of specific oral lesions and systemic disease. Among S63845 mouse evidence-based pharmacological treatments for this disorder, topical and systemic clonazepam, levosulpiride, selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors have been used with partial results.

Case.

We report a case of a 65-year-old otherwise healthy woman with a 3-year history of oral burning. Clinical and laboratory evaluations allowed us to make a diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome. She was treated with duloxetine (60 mg PO qd), a selective serotonine, and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, obtaining a complete remission of symptoms, evaluated via standardized clinical rating scales, and an improvement of her quality of life and level of functioning.

Discussion. The pathogenesis of BMS still remains unclear. Recently, it has been suggested an underlying neurophatic mechanism, demonstrating a dysfunction in the trigeminal nociceptive pathways at peripheral and/or central nervous system level. The rationale behind the administration of duloxetine resides in its central mechanism of action, and analgesic effects previously demonstrated in diabetic peripheral neurophathy, and fibromyalgia. Also, it has been shown to reduce painful physical symptoms associated with depression.

Conclusion. We hypothesize that duloxetine might represent a useful, effective, and additional therapeutic option in the treatment of BMS.”
“Acute pulmonary vasodilator testing (AVT) is essential to determining the initial therapy for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Every antibiotic except gentamicin lost its efficacy when the bacteria were grown in a biofilm (p > 0.05). The change in susceptibility was statistically significant to a level of p < 0.001 for all antibiotics tested.

Discussion: In PD peritonitis that is long standing, recurrent, or not responsive to therapy, MBEC testing should be considered as a biofilm may be present. LY2835219 Gentamicin should be strongly considered over other agents for empiric gram-negative coverage as it may be providing synergy in the setting of Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the newer antistaphylococcal drugs should be tested for their performance in a biofilm using the MBEC method.”
“Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within major histocompatibility

class II (MHC II) genes have been associated with an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury. However, it has never been addressed whether the MHC II pathway plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the most common form of liver disease. We used a mouse model that has a complete knockdown of genes in the MHC II pathway (MHCH Delta/Delta). Firstly we studied the effect of high-fat diet-induced hepatic inflammation in these mice. Secondly we studied the development of carbon-tetra-chloride-(CCl4-)

induced hepatic cirrhosis. After the high-fat diet, both groups developed obesity and hepatic steatosis www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html with a similar degree of hepatic inflammation, suggesting no impact of the knockdown of MHC II on high-fat diet-induced inflammation in mice. In the

second study, we confirmed that the CCl4 injection significantly upregulated the MHC II genes in wild-type mice. The CCl4 treatment significantly induced genes related to the fibrosis formation in wild-type mice, whereas this was lower in MHCII Delta/Delta mice. The liver histology, however, showed no detectable difference between groups, suggesting that the MHC II pathway is not required for the development of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4.”
“Background https://www.sellecn.cn/products/YM155.html and Objective: Increased antibacterial use is associated with a greater likelihood of reduced effectiveness as a result of resistance development in the future. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of diabetic foot infections (DFIs) from the UK NHS perspective, accounting for the development of antibacterial resistance over time.

Methods: A decision-tree model was developed to estimate the cost effectiveness of ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam at different timepoints in the 36 months following introduction of treatment. Development of antibacterial resistance was incorporated in the analysis using a previously published compartment (susceptible-infected-susceptible) model. The development of resistance was a function of the clearance rate of pathogens and the size of the proportion of the population prescribed the antibacterial.

36, P<0.01; self-compassion r=0.40,

P<0.01) were also noted. However, the combined contribution of these variables only accounted for 23% of the total variance in resilience scores (R-2=0.227, F(5,94)=5.23, P<0.01).

Conclusion: These findings extend current understanding of the concept of resilience in adults with a congenital physical disability. The suggestion is that resilience involves a complex interplay between physical determinants of health and psychological characteristics, such as self-esteem and self-compassion. It follows that cognitive behavioural strategies with a focus on self-management may, in part, contribute to the process of resilience in this group. Further large-scale and longitudinal research will help to confirm these findings.”
“It is reported the Brazilian Neurology birth (1912), that has as click here the

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the father of the Brazilian Neurology. Aloysio de Castro (1881-1959) was a great Brazilian neurosemiologist at that time. Austregesilo practiced both disciplines, Neurology and Psychiatry, and like Jean-Martin-Charcot, he was very interested in a typically psychiatric disorder, the hysteria. It is also considered in this paper the first Brazilian authors of Neurology and/or Psychiatric texts and the places where Neurology was initially developed by the main founders: Hospicio Nacional de Alienados, Santa Casa de Misericordia do Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro.”
“Purpose OSI-744 solubility dmso of review

Lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic obstruction is a common disorder and the incidence is increasing with higher life expectancy. The present article focuses on recently published methods to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction and differ between benign obstruction and prostate cancer in lower urinary tract symptoms patients.

Recent findings

Several new ultrasound imaging techniques have been reported. Resistive index in the prostatic artery, detrusor wall thickness and prostatic urethral angle all may correlate with obstruction, but more studies are needed to establish their place in clinical practice. Intravesical prostatic protrusion can predict obstruction and may be considered for clinical use. Near infrared spectroscopy has to be studied more to clarify its usefulness in clinical practice.